In the history of the development of modern sociology, no school has ever had such a broad and profound impact on the world as Marxist sociology，So much so that many important sociologists, whether contemporary with Marx or after him, had to some extent to clarify their positions and exert their influence through dialogue with Marx。It can be said，Don’t understand Marx’s sociology，bet365 bonus bets impossible to truly fully and thoroughly understand the development history of modern sociology。

　　bet365 bonus bets and Sociology

Marx never called himself a sociologist，There is no related theory that uses the word "sociology" to refer to it。The reason，First, because the content of Marx’s theory far exceeds the scope of what most people call “sociology”；The second reason is that Marx believed that the word "sociology" used by Comte and others implied a set of theoretical and methodological presuppositions that were completely different or even opposed to his own bet365 bonus bets theories，Worry that the use of this word will lead people to confuse their own bet365 bonus bets doctrines with the latter。

Despite this，Whether it is some Marxists who were contemporary with Marx，Rula Fague、Labriola et al，Many Marxists later，Like Lenin、Bukharin and others，They all clearly call Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory “Marxist sociology”。Lenin even believed that，Only Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory “raised sociology to a scientific level for the first time”。

This shows，Although Marx’s concerns are not unreasonable，But as long as we keep in mind the essential differences in theoretical and methodological assumptions between Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory and Comte’s bet365 bonus bets theory，Then，Use the name "sociology" to call Marx's bet365 bonus bets theory，Considering Marx as a “sociologist”，It is a meaningful approach。It not only enables us to discover in Marx’s thoughts those contents corresponding to the so-called “sociology” of Comte and others，To better understand the differences and oppositions between Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory and Comte’s and other bet365 bonus bets theories，It also helps us to deepen the disciplinary system of sociology with Chinese characteristics in today's era by sorting out and reflecting on the ongoing dialogue between the two and their successors、Construction of academic system and discourse system。Because，Modern sociology in the past 200 years，It was gradually formed and developed through the dialogue between the two。

In view of this，We can say bet365 bonus bets in Lefebvre’s way: although Marx was not a professional sociologist，But there is a sociology in his thinking，Thus having the aspect of a sociologist。This article describes this side of Marx as a sociologist。

　　A truly thorough materialist bet365 bonus bets theory

Looking at Marx from the perspective of a sociologist，There is another important value for us，This is a unique feature that allows us to see Marx’s thought，That is, to understand and explain all aspects of human bet365 bonus bets life (including various ideological concepts) starting from the bet365 bonus bets relations formed by people in the process of material production, that is, production relations.、Political and legal systems and their settings、Family relations、Ethnic Relations、Class relations、International relations, etc.)，Instead of relying on religious beliefs as presupposed by Comte and other non-Marxist sociologists、Start from the "collective consciousness" such as ethics and morality or the institutional level such as politics and law to understand all aspects of bet365 bonus bets life。This contains two aspects:

First，It is to attribute all bet365 bonus bets phenomena of ideological and conceptual forms and all bet365 bonus bets phenomena of institutional forms to the products or manifestations of bet365 bonus bets relations，Use the nature and condition of the latter to explain the nature and condition of the former，Instead of treating ideas or political and legal systems as a kind of independent operating mechanism that not only has its own independent operation mechanism、And in turn also stipulates the nature of bet365 bonus bets relations、State of existence。It is this attempt to explain ideas in terms of "bet365 bonus bets relations"、Characteristics of bet365 bonus bets phenomena such as political and legal systems，So that we can confirm without hesitation the appropriateness of considering Marx as a "sociologist"。

Secondly，It is to distinguish production relations and other bet365 bonus bets relations from all bet365 bonus bets relations，Think of it as "the basic primitive relationship that determines all other relationships"，And further attributes the determinants of the nature and status of production relations to the level of productivity, an objective force that in Marx's view is completely independent of people's will，Thus, it is completely separated from various non-Marxist bet365 bonus bets theories that try to explain bet365 bonus bets life from factors such as ideological concepts or political and legal systems，Become a truly thorough materialist bet365 bonus bets theory。It is precisely because of this point，This is what makes Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory a bet365 bonus bets theory that is different from non-Marxist sociology。

In the preface to the book "Critique of Political Economy"，Marx summarized his bet365 bonus bets theory in a very concise paragraph:

"People have certain changes in the bet365 bonus bets production of their lives、inevitable、A relationship that is not dependent on their will，That is, the production relations that are suitable for a certain stage of development of their material productivity。The sum of these production relations constitutes the economic structure of society，That is, the legal and political superstructure is erected on top of it and there is a certain form of bet365 bonus bets consciousness that is consistent with the realistic foundation。The production method of material life restricts the entire bet365 bonus bets life、The process of political life and spiritual life。It is not people’s consciousness that determines people’s existence，Opposite，It is people’s bet365 bonus bets existence that determines people’s consciousness。The material productivity of society has developed to a certain stage，It conflicts with the existing production relations or property relations (this is just the legal term for production relations) in which they have been moving。Thus, these relationships have changed from the development form of productivity to the shackles of productivity。The era of bet365 bonus bets revolution will then arrive。With changes in the economic foundation，The entire huge superstructure is also changing slowly or quickly。In examining these changes，We must always distinguish between the following two: one is the material that occurs in the economic conditions of production、Changes that can be specified with the precision of natural science，One is the laws by which people are aware of this conflict and strive to overcome it、Political、Religious、Artistic or philosophical，In short，Forms of ideology。We cannot judge a person based on his opinion of himself，Same，We cannot judge such an era of change based on its consciousness；Opposite，This consciousness must emerge from the contradictions of material life，Explained from the existing conflicts between bet365 bonus bets productivity and production relations。No matter which bet365 bonus bets form，Before the full productivity it can accommodate is exerted，It will never perish；And new and higher production relations，Before its material conditions of existence matured in the womb of the old society，will never appear。So humans always only propose tasks that they can solve，Because you can find it if you look carefully，The task itself，Only when the material conditions for its solution already exist or are at least in the process of becoming，will be generated。”

These thoughts of Marx，Later it was further summarized as “productivity determines production relations” (or “production relations must be compatible with the level of productivity”)、“The economic base determines the superstructure” (or “the superstructure must be compatible with the economic base”)、"bet365 bonus bets existence determines bet365 bonus bets consciousness" and other propositions，Regarded as the most basic principle of Marx’s sociology。

　　bet365 bonus bets materialismAnother dialectical and historical bet365 bonus bets

The above-mentioned opposition between the materialist and idealist positions，Is the primary difference between Marx’s sociology and non-Marxist sociology such as Comte’s，But that’s not the only difference between them。Another important difference between Marx’s sociology and non-Marxist sociology such as Comte’s，Reflected in their treatment of the historical nature of bet365 bonus bets reality。

Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory is both materialistic and dialectical and historical。This dialectical、One of the most important characteristics of historical materialism，It is to oppose positivists such as Comte who use metaphysical thinking to treat various bet365 bonus bets phenomena (such as individuals) that are originally in specific historical situations.、Action、Society、Suicide、Crime、Morality、Law、Ideology, etc.) can be seen as something that can be isolated from the specific historical situation (bet365 bonus bets relationship) in which it is located，Considered as a transhistorical comparison、Generalized homogeneous things，Abstractly summarize some universal concepts (such as "society", "property", "capital", etc.) and laws (such as "people are always selfish" and "population growth is always selfish" that can be applied to any historical era). will exceed the increase in the means of living" etc.)，Think of all bet365 bonus bets phenomena，Whether it’s politics、Law、Conceptual superstructure，and specific individuals、Things、Events are all in specific bet365 bonus bets relations (such as capitalist bet365 bonus bets relations, etc.)、Their nature and existence change with changes in bet365 bonus bets relations、Phenomena therefore of special historical nature，Therefore, only by examining them in the specific historical situation in which they are located can we obtain the most true understanding of their nature and existence。For example，Black people are black people，Only under certain bet365 bonus bets conditions will he become a slave or wage laborer；Sugar is sugar，It will only become a commodity under a specific bet365 bonus bets form；Tools are tools，It can only become "capital" under a specific bet365 bonus bets form。Same，Overpopulation in capitalist society，It is not caused by the universal law called by Malthus that "population growth exceeds the growth of living means"，It is caused by the special laws of capitalist economic movement，As long as capitalist society is eliminated，This special phenomenon of overpopulation will disappear。

Accordingly，Marx severely criticized Comte and other positivists，Think that the latter completely understands the socio-historical nature of bet365 bonus bets phenomena，Therefore, it is completely impossible to understand the historical transitional nature of various bet365 bonus bets realities, including the capitalist system，“I can’t understand why workers want to deny this system”，"Because in their opinion，The present class form of their property—a transitional historical form—is property itself，Therefore the abolition of this form of property is the abolition of property”，Therefore, it is strongly conservative。Opposite，Marx advocated a "critical and revolutionary" bet365 bonus bets theory，The task it sets for itself is not to "observe" bet365 bonus bets phenomena isolated and abstracted from specific historical situations、Experiment and compare" and then summarize some "eternal" or "universal" causal laws，But to “expose all forms of confrontation and exploitation in modern society，Examine their evolution，Prove their temporary nature and the necessity of transformation into another form”。

　　Methodological claims different bet365 bonus bets positivism

As Marx himself said，After he obtained the above point of view，Use it in the study of the reality of capitalist society at that time。From the content perspective，Like many non-Marxist sociologists，Marx’s research on bet365 bonus bets reality included both empirical research，Also includes theoretical research，Including the study of bet365 bonus bets reality that has become history，Also includes ongoing research on bet365 bonus bets reality。In works such as "The Class Struggle in France", "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte", "The French Civil War", "Critique of Political Economy", "Das Kapital", "Perchet on Suicide" and many related manuscripts、Notes、In letter，We can all get a glimpse of the specific results of Marx’s bet365 bonus bets research。However，What needs special explanation is，Based on the above-mentioned dialectics of bet365 bonus bets reality、Historical and materialist understanding，In terms of specific research procedures and methods，Marx also put forward a set of propositions that are very different from the positivist stance of Comte and others。

First，As a manifestation of the above materialist viewpoint，Marx always insisted on considering the material production process (including the status of material productivity) as the basis for the existence of various bet365 bonus bets phenomena、The bet365 bonus bets relations formed by people in the process of material production, that is, the status of production relations，and the mutual relationship between the two) as the most substantial and fundamental link in bet365 bonus bets research，Insist on exploring the mysteries of the existence and changes of various bet365 bonus bets phenomena from the investigation of the material production process and its inherent contradictions。It is based on such a methodology，When examining both pre-capitalist and capitalist societies，Marx always regarded the analysis of the "economic basis" of a specific society as his first priority。This is also the basic reason why Marx devoted his life to investigating the capitalist economic process，The masterpiece "Das Kapital" is the most important crystallization of Marx's methodological proposition。Therefore，Think of "Das Kapital" simply as a work of Marxist political economy，Not appropriate。Precisely，"Das Kapital" is only the first logical link that Marx completed when he used his materialist sociological perspective to conduct scientific research on the bet365 bonus bets form of capitalism。In Marx’s view，Scientific research on other aspects of the bet365 bonus bets form of capitalism should be based on the scientific analysis of the economic process of capitalist society in Capital。Lack of such a logical link，Research on any other aspect of bet365 bonus bets reality will remain at the surface of the phenomenon。The study of capitalist society is like this，The same is true for the study of other bet365 bonus bets forms。

Secondly，As a manifestation of the above dialectical and historical perspectives，On the one hand，Marx insisted on taking various specific bet365 bonus bets forms as his research objects，Objection to the positivists’ claim that general “society” abstracted from various specific bet365 bonus bets forms should be regarded as the object of sociological research。Marx was not opposed to the use of inductive and deductive methods in bet365 bonus bets research，But we are opposed to treating certain bet365 bonus bets phenomena (human beings) that are superficially similar but under different bet365 bonus bets forms like positivists do.、Object、Events, etc.) are abstracted from the specific bet365 bonus bets situation in which they are located，Generalize them as homogeneous phenomena，The practice of obtaining general concepts and propositions about this phenomenon。Marx advocated examining bet365 bonus bets phenomena within the specific bet365 bonus bets form in which they exist，Discover the specific bet365 bonus bets attributes it has and the special bet365 bonus bets laws it follows (of course, induction and deduction methods will be used when doing this，But it only limits the generalization objects within the scope of specific bet365 bonus bets forms)，To reveal its nature and operating mechanism、Historic nature of laws。

On the other hand，Inspired by methodological principles such as "logic and history are consistent" and "rising from abstraction to concreteness" in Hegel's philosophy，Marx also advocated the use of analysis (the use of abstract thinking to theoretically decompose a certain bet365 bonus bets form，In order to obtain some internal structures that can be used to describe and understand this bet365 bonus bets form、Different categories of simplicity and abstraction of operating mechanisms and their laws) and synthesis (for various simplicity obtained through analysis、Categories with different degrees of abstraction are reintegrated according to dialectical logic，Make it an internal structure that can completely describe and explain this bet365 bonus bets form、Theoretical system of operating mechanisms and laws) to examine the historical process and mechanism of the formation and change of a specific bet365 bonus bets form。Analysis and synthesis constitute the two stages of the study of any particular bet365 bonus bets formation。“Analysis” is a process that rises from concrete empirical reality to abstract concepts and propositions，This rising process must of course be achieved with the help of induction or refinement of empirical materials。“Synthesis” is the process of returning from abstract concepts and propositions to concrete reality at the theoretical level，It presents the structure of this bet365 bonus bets form and its formation and operating mechanisms in a theoretical form through narrative methods。Therefore，The empirical study of bet365 bonus bets reality carried out in the analytical stage must ultimately be integrated through a synthetic link into a structure capable of describing the bet365 bonus bets form、Theoretical system that explains the mechanism and its operating rules，Only in order to realize one's own scientific value。

This methodological proposition also leads to the final difference in the logical structure of the theory between Marx’s sociology and positivist sociology。Positivist’s scientific theory，bet365 bonus bets also follows the inductive-deductive logic in structure，That is, the entire theoretical system is represented as a static logical whole composed of various propositions with different degrees of generalization，Propositions with a higher degree of generalization take propositions with a lower degree of generalization as their logical basis，Propositions with a lower degree of generalization can be deduced from propositions with a higher degree of generalization。Marx’s scientific theory，In terms of structure, bet365 bonus bets follows the logic of rising from abstract to concrete，The entire theoretical system is represented by a simplest、A dynamic logical whole composed of the most abstract categories and many categories and propositions with varying degrees of concreteness，The simplest among them、The most abstract category forms the starting point of the entire theoretical system，The remaining categories are driven by their own internal contradictions to form a historical/logical process that gradually evolves or unfolds from more abstract categories to more specific categories。The logical structure of the book "Das Kapital" is an example of this。

　Uphold and develop Marxist bet365 bonus bets

Looking at Marx from the perspective of a sociologist，We can see，Marx indeed provided a sociological research idea that is very different from the sociology conceived by Comte and others in terms of basic theory and methodological assumptions。This idea，Whether in Western developed capitalist countries or Eastern socialist countries, a bet365 bonus bets research tradition different from non-Marxism is formed。From this，Marx is recognized as one of the most important founders of modern sociology。Although，When we review Marx’s sociological thought，You will find that Marx’s expressions of some basic concepts and propositions in his bet365 bonus bets theory at that time still have room for improvement，But this does not prevent us from considering Marx’s sociological conception as one of the greatest achievements in modern sociology，This does not prevent us from insisting on using this great achievement to guide our bet365 bonus bets research and bet365 bonus bets development practice。Marx and Engels once emphasized repeatedly，Their doctrine is science rather than dogma。At any specific stage of development, there will inevitably be its own historical limitations，Overcome its own limitations and continuously improve it through further research under new historical conditions，It is the fundamental characteristic of science，Marx’s bet365 bonus bets theory is naturally no exception。In addition，Although Marx provided us with a set of bet365 bonus bets research ideas that are very different from non-Marxist sociology，A new set of basic concepts and principles in sociological theory and methodology，And also used these basic concepts and principles to conduct some specific research on the capitalist society at that time，But due to limitations of time and other aspects，Marx, in his own works, could not give an exhaustive account of the various theoretical or practical problems that later generations may encounter when applying these basic concepts and principles in specific bet365 bonus bets and historical situations、Comprehensive foresight and instructions。Therefore，Marxists after Marx use Marx’s theories to deal with some new problems，Need to adhere to the basic principles of Marxism，Creatively develop Marxism to solve these problems。After the death of Marx，Marxists in various countries have made many attempts in this regard，Accumulated rich experience and lessons，It is worthy of our summary and reflection。In the specific context of China，Integrate the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality、Combined with the excellent traditional Chinese culture，Through solid research，On the one hand, we promote the sinicization of Marxist sociology，On the other hand, it promotes the continuous development of Marxist sociology with the times，Undoubtedly an important mission for Chinese Marxist sociologists。

(The author is a professor in the Department of bet365 bonus bets, Peking University)