Ma Heng (1881-1955)，Word Shu Ping，No. Fan will be Zhai Master，People from Yixian County, Zhejiang，Famous Jinshi scholars、Archaeologists。Professor of the Department of History of Peking University、The Student Student instructor of Peking University Research Institute、Director of Book Department of Peking University、Special lecturer of the Tsinghua Institute of Chinese Studies、President of Xiling Yinshe、President of the Palace Museum, etc.。

Ma Heng is known as one of the pioneers and founders of modern Chinese archeology，His studies inherited the Qianjia School of the Qianjia School of the Qing Dynasty on the one hand、Park Xue tradition of seeking truth from facts，On the other hand, absorb、Scientific methods such as modern archeology，The study of traditional gold and stones with rich and transforming traditional gold and stones。In particular, he broke through the study of San Francisco scholars，Start paying attention to field investigation and excavation，Proposal to the types of antiquities、quantity、Azone and other information for accurate records，and effectively protect the original building。From Ma Heng's view，Although archeological objects are divided into ground cultural relics and underground cultural relics，"What on the ground，It is easy to find it，But it is easy to destroy，So there are not many that remain; under the ground，Although it is more difficult to find it，But well preserved，It is found that there is a systematic "，So especially emphasized "Talking about archeology，Right and wrong excavations "(" Archeology and superstition ")，And believes that the underground cultural relics in China's sea and land areas are a "24 history of underground"，Proposal through planning、Organized large -scale archeological excavations，It is more important to open it、More accurate、More complicated "Twenty -Four History of Underground"。

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February 1922，Student Gate of Peking University Research Institute took the lead in setting up the Archaeological Research Office，It is the earliest special archeology institution for even East Asia，Director of Ma Heng as the director，Special Expressing Room，Exhibit the ancient utensils and gold stones hidden in this school、Oracle Top Cultural Relics。After Ma Heng took office，One after another Luo Zhenyu、Wang Guowei、Boji and、Today Xilong and others are archaeological communication bet365 live casino games instructor，Searching for antiques。However, due to the limited funding of the research room，Unable to carry out adventure and excavation activities，Can only acquire sporadic materials from antique merchants，Therefore, it is difficult to science、Archaeological research of the system。

For this，The National Student Gate of the Peking University Research Institute resumed the Ancient Study and Ancient Research Investigation Meeting in the Archaeological Research Office in May 1923，"Specializing in investigating the national materials on archeology as the task"，President of Ma Heng，The plan starts with the survey，Organize the excavation group，Organize the excavation group。May of the following year，Ancient Sites and Anti -Story Investigation Association renamed it as the Archaeological Society，Become the first academic group named after "archeology"。The Society still takes Ma Heng as the chairman，Ma Heng、Shen Jishi、Chen Yuan、Li Zongxi、Yuan Fuli (Gu Meng Yu) Five people as executive officers，Another Ye Han、Chen Wanli、Wei Fenying、Rong Geng、Xu Bingyu、Dong Zuobin、Li Shi Zeng、Duoer Meng and other members。According to the charter，Learn to "investigate in scientific methods、Save、Study the material relics and relics of human past human beings "as the purpose，Member organization "Except archeologists，Yingwang Rawry Geology、Anthropology、Gold Stone、Textwork、Art History、History of Religion、History of civilization、Earthwriting、zoology、Chemistry and other specialized scholars，and enthusiastic sponsorship of the Association，Cooperative Cooperation "(" Chronicle of the National Academic Society of Peking University Research Institute ")，Its specific implementation method is divided into adventure、Discovery、Appraisal、Repair、Protection、Record、Published seven kinds，and propose to contact each other with all comrades at home and abroad。

August 1923，Henan Xinzheng、Mengjin digs a lot of，Among them, many bronze heavy wares。September，Ma Heng represented Peking University Student Gate to investigate the two places，In Xinzheng, more than 100 ancient utensils and its unearthed conditions，More than 90 kinds of bronze wares unearthed from Mengjin、630 pieces，Most of them are car decorations。Back with antiquities to extend the film、A variety of photos，I also wrote the "Report on the Investigation of the Ancient Instrument of Xinzheng Outside Henan" and "Report on the Report of the Ancient Instrumental Inspection unearthed in Mengjin County, Henan"。Especially the former，bet365 best casino games Detailed records of the time unearthed from antiquities、Location、Passing、Types and quantities，Draw the excavation diagram，and made a specific instructions for it。The first investigation activity carried out as the Peking University Archaeological Society，Xin Zheng、Although the investigation of the antiquities in both places in Mengjin is not a planned scientific excavation，Dan Ma Heng's survey and its "Report" various contents have contained the ingredients of modern field archeology。

Since then，Ma Heng went to the Luoyang Hanwei Taixue site and other places to investigate several times，It is found that a group of Han and Wei stones can be returned to a group of Han and Wei stones through the residual stone and extension，Buy some car device for the school。Member of the Archaeological Society Xu Bingyu、Li Zongxi、Chen Wanli、Gu Jiegang and others also investigated and protected the ancient monuments of Dajue Temple in Da Gongshan, West Suburb in Beijing、Biyun Temple Guzuka、Ruins of Wenyuan Pavilion, Yuanmingyuan、Gansu Dunhuang monuments, etc.。

Through the collection and visit of members，generous donation of enthusiastic people at home and abroad，As of the spring of 1929，Archaeological Society has collected antiquities "two thousand pieces of gold category，Two hundred and five pieces of stone category，Oracle 655 pieces，76 pieces of jade category，Sixty -nine pieces of bricks，Top 100 pieces of tile，Mingyi、Ceramics 345 pieces，Seven seven seven seven seven seven，Fifty -seven squares of murals。Among them, there are Shang and Zhou Yi wares、car and horse decoration，Hanshi Jing、yellow intestine、sealed mud、Portrait Stone，Han Wei with word tile，Han Tang Ming device，Han to Ming Dynasty bronze mirror，Shi Zhaojian Shi，Six Dynasties to Song Dynasty epitaphs，Hebrew Ancient Text Carving Stone，Northern Wei to Tang statue，Jingzhong，Coins of the past generations，There are also antiquities in the Neolithic era "(Biography of Mr. Ma Heng" Mr. Ma Heng)。Learn to collect、​​Make a lot of specimen models，Used for teaching、Research and Favorites。If the ancient tomb models of the northeast and North Korea、Yan Dai Tao Paper and the Palace Museum New Garment、"Sui Shu · Law Calendar" fifteenth -class ruler、Stone 磬 磬 unearthed in Luoyang、Tang Dynasty instruments unearthed from Henan (Fu Zhenlun's "Remembering Peking University Archaeological Society")。At the same time，Archaeological Society also added a stone carving room on the basis of the display room of the antiquities、Photography Room、Chuan bet365 best casino games Tuo Room, etc.，To facilitate the visits and research of students in the Department of History and people inside and outside the school。

　　Discover the site of Yanxiadu

The old city of Yanxia Capital is located in the southeast of Yi County, Hebei Province today，For the Warring States Period, the capital of Yan Kingdom，It is the largest one of the Warring States Periods that have been discovered at present。Yanxia Capital Site is stored with rich material cultural relics，Outside of the old city inside and outside the city has been unearthed in antiques，Therefore, it has attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign scholars and the crickets of cultural relics traffickers。

1929，To prevent private stealing，Ma Heng and the then Director of the Education Department of Hebei Province, Shen Yinmo discussed，Hebei as the archeological base of the Peking University Archaeological Society，and Fu Zhenlun, November of that year、Chang Hui conducted field surveys on the site of Yanxia's capital。March of the following year，Peking University Archaeological Society and Peiping Research Institute and the Ancient Real Estate Board "Yanxia Metropolis Archaeological Group"，Ma Heng is the head of the group，League members include Fu Zhenlun、Meng Guiliang、Changhui、Wang Qingchang、Solemn、Wang Xianzhang and others。Archaeological Troupe arrived at Yixian at the end of April，Decided by inspection to discover Old Mantai first。

Old Mantai base covers 20 acres，High eight meters。Traces of the walls on the stage are still exist，Gap in the Northwest，It seems to be the doorway。Establishment of Tufu in the Central Committee，About two meters high，Ten meters next week，Facility on it，The overall is the cone bodies of the cut head，It seems to be an ancient building，The locals call the tower。The south of the Taiwan side is divided into three levels，High school to three meters、Southeast is the second area。Other facial slopes are not neat。The initial division of the excavation activity is performed in four districts，Northeast is the first area，Southeast is the second area，The southwest is the third area，The northwest is the fourth area。Later, the land in the east of the reed pond in the north of the north of the desk，outer area，Repeatedly excavated on the East Gang of more than 300 meters in Taitung，outer two districts。Discovery work from April 27th to May 31st，Total 35 days，Employed workers to more than 40 people per day，less than ten people，Everything must be remembered in detail everywhere。

This is the largest archeological activity carried out since its establishment of the Peking University Archaeological Society，It is also the first true archeological excavation。Although it Bet365 lotto review was threatened and destroyed by Sun Dianying's collusion with the local sturgeon，Although it was threatened and destroyed by Sun Dianying's collusion with the local sturgeon，But the archaeological group has achieved a lot of results under Yan under the swallow，A total of 20 bags of ancient objects were unearthed in the past and 26 boxes of ancient objects，Including pottery、Stone、Iron、Porcelain、Coin、Weapon、brick tile、Coffin, etc.，Among them, those who are swallowed the most，and the building products are mostly half of it，Study the politics of Yan Kingdom and even the pre -Qin period for scholars、Economy、Society、Culture provides valuable physical information，and laid the foundation for the comprehensive excavation and protection of the subordinates of the subordinates of the subordinates of Yan.。，Yanxia Capital Site experienced second archeological excavation，Cumulative tens of thousands of cultural relics，In 1961，In 2001。

　　Maintain academic sovereignty and cultural relics

While archeological cooperation with foreign scholars，Ma Heng pays great attention to maintaining my country's academic sovereignty and cultural relics。Ma Heng once said: "Learning this，It turned out to be the world，Is the common person of human beings，I didn't distinguish between the borders。But studying Chinese history，Collect Chinese historical materials，It is a heavenly job that we Chinese deserve，That is the sovereignty。If we all give up regardless of，Let foreign countries no matter what person，Come to our ‘Yue Xun Dai Counseling’，already a shameful thing，As a result, if Chinese historical materials have been emptied，We want to study the people of the country's history，All going to study abroad，Isn't that a joke。I hope everyone will decline others' generations，Do you want to work hard on your own! "(" Archeology and superstition ")

early 1927，Swedish Explorer Sven Heping and the Geological Survey of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of Beiyang Government Agreement reached an agreement，Make allowed a foreign expedition to go to Xinjiang、Examination of Gansu and other places。After the news came out，Then it caused strong dissatisfaction among Chinese scholars，Counsey Angry，It seems that the historical tragedy of the outflow of cultural relics in Dunhuang two decades ago will repeat itself。In order to prevent foreigners from carrying out archeological excavations and taking antiques specimens，Entering the so -called "academic aggression"，Ma Heng actively contacted and moved to Beijing academic circles to resist Sven Heping's inspection plan。Bet365 app download March 5，Call the Peking University Archaeological Society of Peking University Institute、Tsinghua University、History Museum、Antiques Exhibition Center、China Library Association、Jingshi Library、Central Fantastic Terrace、Chinese Astronomical Society、Geology Society and other more than ten important academic groups in Beijing to meet for discussion，Planning and excavation and collection of various domestic academic materials，Oppose foreigners' private entry into China to collect all things。Scholars of the participating scholars formulated six principles for foreigners to conduct investigations and excavations in China，also published a declaration against outsiders' adoption of antiques。The participating groups also organized the establishment of a joint meeting of the Beijing Academic Group，After renamed the Chinese Academic Group Association，In the name of the association, negotiating with the Beiyang government and Sven Heping。During the negotiation process，Ma Heng and Liu Fu、Zhou Zhaoxiang、Yuan Fu Li、Xu Bingyu and others played an important role。After more than ten difficult consultations，Sino -Swisss finally reached the "China Academic Group Association to organize the organizational of the Northwest Scientific Investigation Team and the Swedish State Sri Ding Heping" nineteen "，Decide to form a form of Northwestern China Science Expedition Team，and a signing ceremony at Peking University Student Studies on April 26。This is the first time in modern times that my country is dominated by China，Large -scale scientific survey group composed of cooperation with foreign countries，greatly inspiring the national spirit，Liu Fu said it is "Opening a New Age for my country to Bet A contract with Outsiders"，and provide a cooperation contract with foreign inspection teams in the future provided a precedent and model that can be followed。If February 1929，The Central Asian Inspection Troupe organized by the New York Natural History Museum in the United States wants to conduct fifth adventure inspection in Mongolia，Ma Heng and Liu Fu and others are based on the spirit of the 19 agreement，Proposed a draft agreement，Negotiations with the representative of the delegation Andrews。Due to the opinions of the repeated specimens and belonging of the two parties in the collection of the collection，As a result, the negotiation ruptured。After the United States request，Restart again for negotiations，Eventually the two parties reached an agreement with the group of inspection teams，Signing an agreement with Ma Heng and Andrews in the Peiping Group。

other，Ma Heng and other scholars and the United bet365 Play online games States、Japan and other academic circles actively carry out China -Foreign Exchange and Cooperation。such as spring 1925，Wallner led the Harvard University Fog Art Museum to come to China，To inspect the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu，and plan to establish a cooperative relationship with Peking University。Wallner invites Peking University Students to participate in the inspection activities，Preliminary attempts as a cooperation between the two universities。Introduction to Bingfa Kaisen，Chen Wanli, who was selected by Ma Heng and Shen Ji Shi Shi, participated in the US Investigation Team，Go to Dunhuang to inspect，and take this opportunity to protect cultural relics。

After the 1930s，Due to Ma Heng's focus, the focus of the work gradually transferred to the Palace Museum，Therefore, no large -scale archeological excavation is not presided over again，But he still does his best to continue to support and promote the development of China's archeological cause，and participated in some archeological survey activities。It can be said，Ma Heng as a key character in the process of transformation in modern archeology as traditional golden stone，The important role of inheriting the previous opening and after the opening，洵 The pioneer and founder of modern archeology in my country。

　　(Author Unit: School of Literature, Fujian Normal University)