◇ Zhou Hong/Self -description 

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1999，I saw the advocate of "Social Europe" at a think tank at a think tank in Paris，Jacques Delors, the Minister of Finance of the French Socialist Party and the Chairman of the European Commission。within his tenure，The European Community has developed leap development，He not only advocates "social Europe"，Put forward the "Economic Harmony Plan"，also outlines the later euro zone and the blueprint of the European alliance。I respect this European politician who is capable of integrating ideology and political power.。Although he is over 90 now，But it is still the "Dinghai God Needle" of the European Socialist Party that claims to be in Europe。You can feel from him，Social European builders to build a complicated level of imagination and reflect the social policy model of the European market and political reality。Simply speaking，​​This model responds to the needs of market development at the level of transnational level，The needs of social stability at the level of member states。This model relies on the protection of traditional welfare countries to protect the non -flow population; setting up communication and complementary channels between welfare countries，Social needs to solve the population population; policies at the EU level，Encourage the creation of employment and population flow，At the same time, through the social legislation and supervision mechanism at the EU level，Guide and supervise the behavior of member states。In other words，Just focus on solving different problems with bet365 Play online games different mechanisms，Forms a multi -level and diversified superposition governance system。At the European Union level，The slogan of social policy is "Promote freedom with fairness"，In fact, market development drives social development，Replenishing the market with social policies; at the level of the members of the European Union，retains the basic principles and systems of various national welfare countries。This clever balance is that it will definitely be broken over time。After the European debt crisis，Various social crisis appears in Europe，The era called for a new generation of political masters to create a new balance mechanism that adapts to the new situation。Otherwise，EU dangerous。

I am also amazed by the use of soft power for the EU builders。In the EU，There are many rules and regulations called "soft laws"，The so -called "social standardization" is an example。In the EU，Standardization is applied to a variety of management areas，Especially the field of social policy。A diverse interest group needs to make decisions，But there is no political authorization，Lack of legislation and administrative forces of those diverse independent groups，Tools that lack taxation and transfer payment，No other effective means to force these groups to comply with hard rules，In this case，EU takes measures，Let these groups gather together，Put forward one or more common goals，Formulate some standards based on these goals，Let countries follow the implementation。This goal and standards can play the role of "soft rules" and "soft constraints" among groups with common interests and common pursuits，Rules identity first is in concept，Then in action，Efforts towards the common goal，The effect of achieving each other with each other。

bet365 Play online games This is a pen from the EU governance。This standardized tool was successfully applied to the establishment of the euro area。The builders of the euro have set up some "marking" specifications and guidelines for the countries applying to the euro zone，For example, the annual fiscal deficit does not exceed 3%of the GDP，The inflation rate does not exceed 1.5%of the average of three minimum countries，Public debt does not exceed 60%of the GDP，The exchange rate remains stable for two years，Interest rate is not higher than 2%of the three best countries average，etc.。countries applying to the euro zone need to consciously mobilize their respective resources and strength，Working efforts to meet these standards。These standards actually have a soft binding force on member states。but，The operation of this mechanism depends on the consistency of the goal and the identity of the concept，Relying on self -discipline that depends on various nations，And the debt crisis problem later appeared in the euro area，In fact, it is because of the consequences of cracks，Some countries have no self -discipline，Even trying to cheat。So，To what extent to how well the member states with sovereignty, to consciously abide by the rules and standards of the EU，Is the key to the EU's success，It is also a sign of the EU's soft power to play。

In order to enable EU member states to converge in terms of social policy，My European friend，Ru Mary and others，Design the "Open-Method-OF-Coordination，referred to as "OMC")，To distinguish the "Community Methods" and "Inter -Government Methods" that are different from relatively hard,。The so -called "open negotiation method"，It is to let all member states ask their own issues and opinions，Put the dispute on the bet365 Play online games desktop for open debate，This ensures that there is no omissions for important issues。On the basis of "openness"，Back and bargain through negotiation and bargain，Social standards。So "OMC" is a representative member of the member country、The process of consensus and compromise with each other，Through this process，Member State personally participate in the establishment of standards，Make the EU standards the standard for member states。For example，Social standardization project on poverty issues contains two contents，First is to determine the indicator of poverty，Second is the statistical standard for unified poverty，The latter is proved to be greatly conducive to the EU's index to eliminate poverty，At the same time, because of the unified statistical standard，The difference between the country and the country is even more obvious，The motivation of mutual learning between member states is inspired。The EU Commission actively conducts statistics，Report information in time，In employment、Income allocation and social exclusion、Working hours、Social protection and social infrastructure、Education and continuing education、Working environment and occupational health, as well as the implementation of information exchange and standard convergence planning in the fields of workers' participation，Repeated organizational experience communication and learning。

I care about these details，Not only to better understand the EU，It is also to better understand some fundamental problems in the field of welfare countries and social security。For example，After the EU implements social standardization，Can we intervene through technical means to determine the demand for social security。EU's own research Bet365 app download believes，higher public financial transfer will bring more employment，If you want to reach the target of a country's poverty rate from 18%to 12%from the EU average，Member states must increase the efforts of public transfer payment; if France still needs to increase 0.6% GDP public financial transfer，Then Britain may need to increase public financial transfer equivalent to 2% GDP。This is the meaning of the common goal and the implementation of separation。Under the specification of this program，Traditional social demand determination methods have changed，Some new indicators，For example, technical training and social integration have entered the concept of social demand，Social risks have also been re -defined。EU tries to use this technical means and democratic procedures for political leaders。Except for social needs，Social standardization has also changed to a social actor to a certain extent。For example, the European Union obtained the conclusion of "Britain and Portugal Social Transfer Payment in the GDP" based on social standardization，A certain pressure of public opinion in the social policies of these two countries，It also has a warning or incentive effect on other member states。Another as the European Commission's proposal，Social goals provided child service for children who provide child service at least 90%of the preschool children who are at least 90%of the European Union in 2010，This motion of social standardization has also caused a new round of social infrastructure construction among member states。From the construction of EU social policy，I saw the historical limitations of the welfare country，See how welfare countries that are a combination of interests have stepped up to become a machine that tolerate various Bet365 app download benefits and demands，I saw how the mainstream political factions and social forces were added to this power machine to add clauses that meet their own interests，You can also find what you don’t like in this machine。Of course，The later development certificate of the European Union，Soft power is soft after all。Lack of constraints of hard mechanisms，Various benefits are prone to discrete，Especially in the EU, there are many nations、Cultural diversified system，Agreement is easy to transfer to the level of nation -state with deeper and traditional nations。

At that time，Since China's reform process has entered a social field，So，More and more departments require me to provide knowledge about foreign social welfare and guarantee。Considering the needs of the country，I edited a "Foreign Social Welfare System" for the national civil affairs system in a short period of time。This book was published for more than ten years，A friend sent a photo from a rural library in Taicang City, Jiangsu。Take a closer look，Sure enough，It's obviously an reprinted。Works can enter the village，It is also a great thing for the author。

Study experience above，Stars point，Narranty into Qiu。2006，I use the "May Day Labor Day" long vacation，Part of the text obtained from these studies into a book，Add some content，Form a book，Named "Where to Welfare Country Go"。"Where is the Welfare Country" and began in the form of the dissertation in "Chinese Social Sciences"，There are about 30,000 words，Some response，Therefore, I want to further expand into a book。The content of the afterbing includes my understanding of the national social functions of the composite structure，Understanding of the historical changes of the European social security system，I also discussed some bet365 best casino games related theories，Analyzing the impact of industrial transformation and economic globalization on traditional welfare countries，Discuss the political issues of welfare reform in European countries，and the integration method of social policy in the process of European integration，Finally, I also tried to explore the impact of the globalization process on the future of welfare countries。

　　(This article is excerpted from one of the "Everyone's Elegant" Series "Zhou Hong: between" Tea "and" Coffee "，There are deletions)