With the advent of aging society，Elderly mental health issues have become hot issues that the whole society is concerned。World Health Organization 2017 discovered，Because of the body、Degeneration of capabilities such as cognition，One -fifth of the elderly population has experienced a variety of psychological health problems，Including anxiety、Depression、Feeling a decline、Memory recession、Character changes、Cognitive disorders and even dementia。Studies at home and abroad also indicate，Elderly mental health problems and happiness and expected life span、The mortality rate is closely related，seriously affects the quality of life of the elderly in his later years。So，The theoretical perspective from the view of life and ecosystem，Focus on the mental health of the elderly group，Sort out its characteristics、Factors and development trends，Not only can it reveal its mechanism relatively complete，can also deepen the society's cognition of this complex phenomenon to a certain extent。

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Generally，Psychological health not only refers to no psychological disease，It can also be regarded as a good state of happiness。This，We think，The connotation of the concept of psychological health of the elderly group contains at least three elements: the individual psychological function is basically normal，Including cognitive functions、Emotional expression、Willpower performance is normal; individual internal psychological activities and environment (family、Community、Society) Harmony and consistency; good at adjusting，Have the potential to adapt to aging and deal with adversity。From this departure，Carefully sort out and summarize past research，We found that the current research on the elderly mental health has three characteristics。

First, expand from cultural diversity to regional diversity。This is mainly manifested in two aspects: first，The research results of elderly mental health between different countries and culture are gradually accumulated。From the perspective of the world，Due to the specific history of each country、Different economic and social environment，The mental health problems of the elderly group also have certain cultural differences。2080s，Cross -cultural research on the mental health of the elderly began to rise。For example，Many studies have proved that the level of elderly mental health in high -income countries is better than that of middle -income countries; according to the analysis of the World Health Organization，Elderly depression belongs to the fourth largest disease in Southeast Asia，But the prevalence of prevalence in the Americas is the first place。Given the cultural differences in the content and structure of mental health，Some researchers are also committed to taking the elderly mental health measurement tools such as symptoms self -evaluation form、Elderly depression tables, bet365 best casino games etc. adapted into research tools suitable for localization，To understand、Evaluate and compare the level of elderly mental health between different countries and culture。Second，The study of elderly mental health between different regions is gradually enriching。The most typical is the comparative study of psychological health in rural areas and urban areas。If the researchers analyze the tracing survey data of the elderly population status in China，Discover the detection rate of depression symptoms of the elderly groups in the countryside、The level of anxiety is significantly higher than that of the elderly group; the same，Foreign researchers have also carried out comparative research on the level of elderly mental health in rural and urban areas。For example，Taking depression as an indicator，A Japanese research has reported that there is no significant difference in the mental health status of the elderly and urban elderly in the countryside; another meta -analysis research indicates，In the United States、The mental health level of elderly people in cities such as Canada and other countries is at a disadvantage，That is, the prevalence of urban elderly depression is higher than that of the elderly in the countryside。Very obvious，Research results from Western countries are different from China。

Second, the research on the mental health of special elderly groups increases a lot。No matter what country in it，Psychological health of special elderly groups，Usually suffer greater threats and challenges than ordinary elderly people。Study on the mental health of special elderly groups in my country，The main target is the empty nest elderly、Left -behind elderly、Migraphic elderly。Elderly and left -behind elderly people lack emotional comfort for a long time、Life care and even economic offering，Easy to show anxiety depression、Lonely Pessimi、Unwilling to associate with others、Negative emotions and other negative emotions，Mental health is generally poor; and the mobile elderly have to leave the familiar environment of long -term life，The interpersonal relationship network that was originally established continued to shrink or even disappear，Easy to experience poor social adaptation and insecurity，These will have a negative impact on their mental health。Study on the mental health of special elderly groups abroad，It mainly includes the disabled elderly、Elderly immigrant groups and elderly refugees。Large studies indicate，Disabled elderly people are exposed to adversity for a long time，Low self -efficacy，Easy to suffer from anxiety、Mental diseases such as depression，Despair and even suicide risk are significantly higher than normal elderly groups。Studies on immigrants and refugees of the elderly also show，Elderly immigration experience is a potential pressure source，Coupled with their contact with new culture, they may suffer from social exclusion、Discrimination and other series of negative events，It is easy to cause its subjective happiness、A lower psychological health status。Especially for the elderly refugees，The source of immigration pressure accelerates the impact of war creative trauma on mental health，The possibility of stimulating bet365 best casino games stress disorder after trauma in this group is further enhanced。

Third is to start focusing on the study of elderly mental health services。The current situation and development trend of the aging population of the world，Make the mental health of the elderly group highlighted year by year，For this，Some elderly mental health service policies have been introduced one after another。If the World Health Organization passed the "Aging and Healthy Global Strategy and Action Plan" in 2016。In our country，The "Twelfth Five -Year Plan" and "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Pension Service Industry" issued by the State Council clearly proposed that it is extensive to carry out extensive health education，Accelerate the development of the elderly service industry，Pay attention to its mental care and psychological comfort; the "Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Psychological Health Services" jointly promulgated by 22 departments including the National Health and Family Planning Commission and other 22 departments further emphasized，To provide more psychological counseling for the elderly with poor mental health、Emotional Solving、Sad comfort、Psychological health services such as family relationship adjustment。At the same time，A series of studies on elderly mental health services are developed quickly。The last one of the vertical tracking and research on the elderly groups in my country is clearly stated，With the rise rate of psychological health services,，and the introduction of service policy for mental health，my country's elderly groups will be likely to get psychological counseling services provided by its community。

　　Factors of Psychological Health of the Elderly:Theoretical hypothesis model

In order to better understand the mental health of the elderly，It is necessary to conduct in -depth analysis and discussion on the theories of the influencing factors of mental health。Theoretical theories on the influencing factors of the elderly mainly involve two major perspectives: life process perspective and ecosystem view。further，Theoretical hypothesis as a psychological health influencing factors for the elderly，We proposed "Life Travel -Ecological System View Model"。

Life -Course Perspective thinks，The development and aging of people is a process of continuous life，It is composed of all events and experiences that run through the journey of life。So，The formation of the mental health of the elderly is inseparable from personal growth、Various living events experienced by development and even the final aging。and the ecosystem theory defines the development of human development as the continuous change process of the relationship between individuals and the relationship between the relationship between themselves and the environment。This means，The influencing factors of the elderly mental health are not limited to micro systems (ie personal system，If the biological genetic characteristics of the individual、personality traits, etc.)，It also involves a macro system (that is, external system，Ru family、Community、Social environment, etc.) and the interaction of internal and external systems。Based on the connotation of bet365 best casino games the above two theories and related empirical research results，We summarize these two theoretical views into the "Life Curreer — Ecological System Concept" model，Try to show more systematic factors that affect the mental health of the elderly group。This model contains four systems，Personal system、Home System、Community system and social system。At the same time，A complete life process line runs through four systems，It represents the impact of various events and experience in each system in the journey of life。interaction between each subsystem、Impact、Absence of one indispensable。

Individual systems include individual biological genetic characteristics (gene、Age、Gender, etc.)、Personality characteristics and behavior tendency、Living habits, etc.，It is the most basic symbol system that distinguishes different individuals。A large number of studies have shown the impact of the personal system on the mental health of the elderly。If compared to men，Elderly women are more susceptible to depression、anxiety and other psychological diseases; and higher nerve quality、Low outwardability、Personality traits such as responsibility and low -level self -esteem，is a risk factor that causes the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the elderly; but good personal habits，If moderate physical exercise、Reasonable meal, etc.，Can effectively reduce the risk of psychological diseases in elderly individuals。

The family system includes an important component relationship in the family，If the relationship between parents and children、Marriage relationship、Draise Relations, etc.，It also includes family functions and roles (such as caregivers) played by family members。Some studies point out，Good home function，If the emotional support of the children and the intimate relationship with the spouse，can reduce depression of the elderly、The occurrence of loneliness and cognitive defects。Studies also point out，The role of the caregiver undertaken by the elderly in the family will seriously affect its mental health。As a career，The economic pressure and housework they bear are greater，More conflict between the spouse and the family，Psychological health is worse。

Community systems include community physical environment (such as housing、Public Health, etc.) and community resources (such as neighborhood relationship、Friends support、collective efficiency, etc.)。Many studies have discovered the contact between the community system and the mental health of the elderly。After retirement of the elderly，The important areas of the daytime activity and participation gradually moved from work to neighborhood relations，This makes them more inclined to rely on peripheral resources。Neighborhood relationships with harmonious elderly people enjoy higher subjective happiness，better mental health。Similarly，More complete community service facilities、More harmonious community culture，It is conducive to improving the participation rate of community activities for the elderly，to reduce the emergence of the mental health of the elderly。bet365 live casino games Converse，Weakers with less community resources are related to the low cognitive function of the elderly。

Social systems include social policy、Economy、Culture and custom habits, etc.。Compared to the above three systems，The impact of the social system on the mental health of the elderly group is more persistent、Deep。where，The more typical is the aging stereotypes commonly existed in social culture。A large number of empirical research confirms，Aging stereotypes will exacerbate the effect of cardiovascular pressure，Memory tasks of the elderly group、Driving behavior、Walking ability。At the same time，Cultural adaptation in the social system will also affect the mental health of the elderly group。Taking the elderly in my country as the object，Many studies have confirmed that their sense of belonging is poor and social identity、Higher detection rate of anxiety and depression，At the same time, happiness is significantly lower than the local elderly。other，Bad socio -economic development is also an important cause of psychological health problems for the elderly。

Life Startments Perspective Conduct of the above four systems，The impact of all events and experiences of the entire life journey on each system。Here，We focus on analyzing various event experience experienced by individuals after the elderly。1 is retirement。The relationship between retirement and mental health，There are two completely opposed arguments。Some researchers think，Retirement is a kind of liberation of work，After retirement, the elderly can pursue their own interests、Hobbies and leisure activities，It has a positive impact on its mental health。​​Other researchers will consider retirement as the main life event that may cause pressure，Because retirement means that the trajectory of the pre -held life is disrupted，Loss of work and personal social characters，loss、Loneliness increases，Decreased self -efficacy，As a result, the level of mental health of the elderly group has further decreased。The second is the widow and lost independence。Already studied discovery，Mourning puppets are related to the decline in the mental health status of the elderly，If the symptoms of depression after the elderly experienced a widow will be significantly enhanced，Sadness and risk of death will also rise。Research on the loss of independence also indicates，The death of the only child is an important risk factor that causes elderly parents to stimulate stress disorder and depression。Third is the flow of population for the elderly。The phenomenon of the flow of population brings a series of mental health problems，Including discrimination、Cultural adaptation、Loneliness and loss、Enhancement of insecurity, etc.;，So facing traditional lifestyles、Community and social support network changes，and the needs of the new cultural environment，This will threaten their communities and social systems to a certain extent。

　　Research and Development of Psychological Health of the Elderly

The life course of the elderly mental health -the ecosystem view model believes that each system affects each other、Absence of one indispensable，So major lack of or serious bet365 best casino games changes in a certain system，It may be the main cause of the psychological health problems of the elderly，This provides theoretical support for people to further explore its mechanism and practical intervention path。

The improvement and promotion of elderly mental health is a systematic engineering。From the construction of the life of the ecosystem, the theoretical model of the ecosystem can be seen，Intervention and prevention of elderly mental health problems，Not only a personal activity，It is a complex system engineering。It is not only affected by the characteristics of the individual，Also family、Community、Society and life incidents restrictions。What needs to be noticed is，Research in the past, especially empirical research，The impact of a single system or a single living event on the mental health of the elderly，Lack of more macro and systematic research。Since the elderly are always in a constant system and life event，We must fully grasp and comprehensively understand the influencing factors of the mental health of the elderly、Intervention and Promotion Strategy。This is an effective structural problem related to the elderly mental health service work。

Elderly mental health urgently needs to intervene in mental health services。Based on the course of life -ecosystem view theory we think，Elderly mental health service workers must carry out aging services from the perspective of four systems and life journeys at the same time。First，From the perspective of the perspective of life process，The formation and development of the mental health of the elderly cannot be separated from their personal life incidents。Psychological health service workers must have a full life of life、The service concept of the whole population，Not only for the elderly mental health service，It is necessary to start from the early stages of life，Carry out health advocacy for the whole population。Next，Psychological health service workers should also integrate multiple systems to comprehensively consider specific intervention measures for mental health，Personal、The power of family and society is closely combined。This is difficult，It is also the specific direction of future improvement。

The work goals of the elderly mental health need to be combined with the ultimate goal of healthy aging。October 2016，Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、The State Council released the "Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline"，Based on the basic national conditions of the population aging in our country，It clearly proposes the overall planning goals and basic implementation paths that promote healthy aging。February 2017，The State Council issued the "Thirteenth Five -Year Plan" Plan for the Development and Pension System Construction of the National Aging Career System "，More clearly explained the specific implementation strategies and main policy indicators of my country's pension service and health support system。October 2017，Implementation of the health China Strategy was officially proposed in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，Emphasize that it is necessary to provide a comprehensive aspect for the people (including elderly groups)Bet365 app download 、All -cycle health services。July 2019，"Opinions of the State Council on the Implementation of Action of Healthy China" release，Further follow -up and ensure the effective implementation of the healthy Chinese strategy (including the strategy of healthy aging)。The implementation of these policies reflects the importance of healthy aging to the national development strategy。So，Improve and promote the mental health of the elderly，It should be combined with the ultimate goal of healthy aging，Make policy can take root、Flower Results。

In the future, we should also pay attention to the following three aspects of development: First, the research method of psychological and health problems of elderly groups should be paid attention to from single dimensions to multi -dimensional、From horizontal to vertical、From micro to macro exploration; second, the measurement tool for the psychological health problems of the elderly group needs to be developed，This is mainly due to the introduction of foreign quantity tables introduced in my country.，and the current tool lacks measurement of comprehensiveness of mental health; third, the study of elderly psychological health issues should be carried out for multi -disciplinary intersection，Realize the advantages complement。

　　(The author is the chief expert of the Renmin University of China Psychological Health Education Interdisciplinary Platform、Professor)