The journal "International Security" edited by Harvard University Belver's Science and International Affairs Center published the Summer 2019 of the George City University School of Foreign Services and Government Management, Abraham L. Newman, Professor of the School of Foreign Services and Government Management. The paper "Weaponal Mutual Dependence: How to Shape the National Economic Network。This research focuses on a common phenomenon in today's international relations: economic interdependence is used as political weapons。Two authors proposed，In many cases，Global Economic Network depends on the central exchange point，The original intention of creating these center points for commercial institutions is to improve efficiency，But some economies represented by the United States have begun to turn the center point into a pressure point -they control the key raw materials in the global economy、Product、Service，and this will impact pressure on other countries，To protect and expand its own interests。

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According to Newman and Farier Introduction，New research and analyzing the structural characteristics of the economic dependency network is how to jointly shape the national compulsory power with the domestic system and specifications，and communicate financial communication、Supply Chain、The Internet is placed in the center of the analysis framework -international security researchers are familiar with the huge role of the energy market on the geographical strategy，and now the field of finance and information is rapidly Bet365 lotto review producing similar effects。

The above network effects not only exist in abstract theory，It is also a reflection of the real world。For example，The United States and Britain have a strong centrality in the international financial network，Internet center points are mostly located in European and American countries。What causes this situation is usually business logic -the more users or services existing users，The easier it is to attract new users，Then increase profit、Improve market status。"Newcomer" If you want to change or replace the formed centralized network，Not only does it need to show more excellent features，The cost benefits of being transferred to the new network from enough to prove to the old network are higher than staying in the old network。Current，The central point of the Global Economic Network is concentrated in Western developed countries that are the "rich people" effect and technological revolution、The results of the global wave superimposed。Countries with the main control of the central node enjoy the unequal advantages，If supplemented by "appropriate" domestic system，They can seize the opportunity，Discovery and use of the vulnerability in the interdependence relationship comes from my defense or pressure on other countries。

　　Economic interdependence is "weaponized"

According to the study by Newman and Farier，There are two types of economic interdependence by "weaponization"。The first is to use the important information of these central points to the center node，That is "circular prison effect"。This name is taken from British philosopher Bian Qin's circular prison design concept。This prison building consists of a monitoring tower located in the center and the surrounding ring prisoner，The window of the monitoring tower is installed with bet365 Play online games barrier objects to facilitate the hidden prison guards to monitor all prisoners in the dark，The prisoner has to keep the rules in a short time because he is being monitored.。The country of the control center node is like a monitoring tower in a circular prison，The special nature of its location determines that the interaction in the network is difficult to avoid them。These countries can be learned in advance the intention and strategies of competitors or hostility to formulate plans、First -to -make man、Grasp the negotiating chips。The second "weapon" form is to control the central node，to restrict or prohibit other subjects from passing these center points，That is "throat point effect"。Since the center point can greatly improve efficiency and it is extremely difficult to bypass，The subjects restricted or prohibited are often suffered serious losses。

Two scholars use the actual application of "circular prison effect" and "throat point effect" for example。Swift is an international banking cooperation organization，In view of the centrality of SWIFT in the international payment system，In the past 20 years, the United States has gradually transformed it into a "circular prison" used for itself。Special Organization of the "Anti -Money Laundering Financial Action Special Working Group" has requested to view the financial transaction records transmitted by Swift to track illegal activities，but being rejected by SWIFT，The reason is that SWIFT is a communication service provider rather than a data processing agency，Should not be monitored by the government。

"9 · 11" terrorist attacks，The US Department of Finance believes that I can send a pass to SWIFT legally，Forced the latter provides data，so that the Ministry of Finance can investigate terrorist financing。Since SWIFT has a mirror data bet365 live casino games center in Virginia, USA，It is difficult to resist the pressure of the United States，The United States has mastered a lot of financial information that has been in the dark in the past。The United States' move caused by protest in Europe，The U.S. government sent the then Secretary of State、Senior officials including the Minister of Finance "do work" to European leaders，Finally, the party alliance that occupies a majority in the EU，Organized the United States to continue to use SWIFT data for monitoring when they are willing to share information with the EU。

The United States and the European Union also use SWIFT as a "throat point" to strengthen the sanctions on Iran。Non -profit organization "Joint opposition to Nuclear Iran", co -founded by several American politics celebrities, believes，Swift is the co -conspiracy of the Iranian government，Assisting Iran to develop the economy。So，The organization sent a letter to Swift in January 2012，"The global network of SWIFT is used by the Iranian government to fund its nuclear weapons research and development plan、Terrorist activities and the cruel suppression of the Iranian people "。One month later，The US Senate Banking Committee proposed，If SWIFT continues to allow Iranian financial institutions to use its network，The US government will have the right to sanction SWIFT。pressure from the United States and worry about Iran's nuclear issue，Drives the EU in March 2012 to prohibit SWIFT from providing services to the sanctioned Iranian financial institutions。

After these measures come into effect，Iran's major financial institutions feel that they are separated from the international payment system，lifting the SWIFT ban has also become a key "bargaining point" in the Iran nuclear negotiation。Joanna Caytas, bet365 best casino games Chairman of the European Legal Association of Columbia University, commented，If the United States does not pressure，The EU is unlikely to act alone，Due to its fragmented internal decision -making structure and low flexibility system, the ability of financial "weapons" is limited。Similarly，Considering that SWIFT is headquartered in Europe，If the EU is unanimously opposed，The United States may not be able to unilaterally forced SWIFT as a fan。May 2018，The United States announced the withdrawal of the "Comprehensive Agreement on Iran's Nuclear Issues"，Threat restart the SWIFT ban on Iran，EU expressed opposition，SWIFT forced to delete the key Iranian financial institutions from the list of members，But publicly declared this to maintain the stability of the global financial system。

　　American approach threatens the world economy

Except for financial threats，The United States has launched the Iranian metal after withdrawing from the Iranian nuclear agreement、Economic sanctions from industries such as petroleum，These sanctions have limited impact on American companies，But the impact on other countries with business exchanges to Iran。Unilateral moves in the United States have caused criticism from many countries including its major European allies。French Minister of Economy and Finance Bruno Le Maire said "the United States as a world economic police is unacceptable"。Sanctions on Iran are only one of the recent cases of the United States using the global economic network to achieve its strategic goals。For example, Rosa Brooks, a professor of law and policy at Georgetown University in the United States，The war in the United States today is everywhere、Never stop，Almost everything may become weapons。

Newman and Farier reminded，Globalization should be liberated business、Promote bet365 Play online games peace，Now it has become the source of commercial shackles and hegemonism from time to time。This trend has a huge impact on international relations，Researchers and policy makers need to think more seriously for the geopolitical consequences of economic interdependence。Current，Some economies led by the United States may be capable of using non -symmetrical interdependence，Cut off the connection between other subjects and global networks，Other economies have begun to deal with。But，This response may cause the global supply chain to rupture，Causes worldwide negative consequences。

Senior Vice Chairman of the US Think Tank Strategy and International Research Center、Director of Political and Economic Project Matthew P. Goodman told this reporter，Economic interdependence is used as a political weapon or is used in other bad uses in many fields.，worthy of our high vigilance。Strategy and International Research Center Political Economy Senior Researcher Stephanie Segal told this reporter，The relationship between the entire world and the country is changing。Once everyone agrees with stronger interdependence performance, it brings stronger stability，Because of each other's common interests。Now，Mutual dependence seems to bring more vulnerability that may be used in improperly。The phenomenon of "weaponization" in international relations is at least more common in some fields，But in reality，The deepening of the interdependence deepening does not reverse。For example，Although the friction between China and the United States increased，The economic connection between the two countries is still very close and has common interests in many fields，Continuing communication and cooperation should be the general trend of bet365 best casino games advanced Sino -US relations。

　　(Newspaper Washington, August 12th)