Since modern times，Chinese archaeological disciplines from scratch，generations of generations of Chinese archaeological people on the ruins of different times of the Chinese land，Explore and discover and demonstrate the development of the 5,000 -year -old civilization of China。It is in this practice，The continuous development and improvement of Chinese archeological theory and methods。Related issues related to the development of Chinese archeological practice and theoretical development，This reporter interviewed the Director of the Asian Department of the Denver Museum of Fine Arts、Part -time professor at the University of Hawaii Jiao Tianlong。

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　　"China Social Sciences":Chinese archeological community generally names archaeological culture to classify zone types。Please introduce the development process of this archeological methodology。

　　Jiao Tianlong:Modern Archeology in Europe。Early research on modern European archeology focuses on establishing a sequence of the age，Only pay attention to studying the history of vertical human development，Not paying attention to the horizontal regional change。Based on the "Three Phase System" theory proposed by Danish archeologist Thomson in 1836，European archeology pioneers mainly focus on the division of the era of archeology。

early 20th century，Pure era sequence archeology methods can no longer explain the area differences of more and more materials，This forced archeologists to find an appropriate term to describe and analyze regional common and differential issues。In -depth archeological research indicates，If a naming method that contains both time and regional concept (that is, archeology and cultural concept)，So，The regional common phenomenon that the simplicity sequence naming method cannot be explained can be successfully explained。

German archeologist Kosina in the book "The Origin of the Nissan" published in 1911，The theoretical and methods of archaeological "culture" concepts were discussed，provides a method of explaining the time and space of archeological materials for the archeological community。Archaeologist v. Gordon Shuld has further developed Kosina's "culture" concept，But abandoned its racism and fascist ingredients。in the book "Prehistoric Danube" published in 1929，The first definition of archeological culture: "We found a certain form of relics -container、Tool、Decoration、Funeral system、House structure -often appears together，This feature with regularly connects the complex，We should name a cultural group or a culture。"The definition of Chard first pointed out the standard for naming an archaeological culture，Although this standard still has great vagueness，But after that, his archeological culture theory has become a system and improvement，and proposed the hierarchical theory of archeological culture，Divide the archaeological materials according to the size of its group unit into type、Craft、Culture、Four levels of the cultural circle。

From the late 1940s to the mid -1970s，Western archeology circles enter the early reflection phase of the concept of "culture"bet365 Play online games 。This stage is mainly based on American archeologists and cultural anthropologists，What is the purpose of their proposal such as archeology，Is it just the time and space distribution of historical and culture? What is the essence of archeological culture?。The late 1970s to the present，Western contemporary archeology has abandoned the concept of "culture"，"Style" concept was introduced into archeology。The most important breakthrough of this theory，It is based on the principle that the material culture can reflect the social boundary of the ethnic or individual，Because the style is people who consciously pass on a certain information。The concept of "style" provides archaeologists with a new method of explaining material cultural space -time changes。

What must be pointed out is，Although traditional archeological and cultural concepts have been greatly impacted in the West，But not all scholars oppose the traditional name，Not advocating to cancel all the names of the archeological cultural names that have been named。The fact that cannot be ignored is，The space -time characteristics of archeological materials are a basic phenomenon，Archaeologists must describe these phenomena in a certain term or unit。The use of Western archaeological use of the concept of "culture" has gone through a change process from scratch to any time。But the regional differences and social boundaries reflected by material culture，It has always been a topic of contemporary Western archeology。but but，The concept they use is no longer culture，but "style", "identity", "ethnic group", etc.。

　　"China Social Sciences":What impact does archeological and cultural concept have on the Chinese archeological community?

　　Jiao Tianlong:"Culture" concept has a profound impact on Chinese archeology，is the core concept of contemporary Chinese archeology。This concept was first used by Ante in 1921，such as "Color Pottery Culture" and so on。1959，Xia Ji according to Tchart's archeological cultural theory，Unified understanding of the Chinese archeological community，Name an archeological culture，There must be three standards: a set of unique sets of relics and relics，This group of relics often exist in a certain period，There is a certain distribution area。For more than half a century，This set of standards has always been adhered to the Chinese archeological community，Methodism of the "Type Type" theory。

Since 1959 Xia Ji introduced the archeological culture theory of Band in China to China，This theory has become the basic methodology of Chinese archeology。Studies in the past half of the past half of the centuries have basically revisited the establishment of new archeology culture、Improve the development sequence of archaeological culture in a certain area and the type of culture re -subdivision。Although the academic community recognizes the same archeology culture that different scholars understand and understand，Therefore, it is often arguing on the issue of name，But at the theoretical level，Lack of discussion on the cause of this phenomenon。

In the mid -1980s，In Yu Weichao、Drives by scholars such as Li Boqian，China's archeological community proposed the "cultural factors analysis method"。The core of this method is to group a site or relics in culture，What are the distinguished ones in the region，Which is foreign，Which is a mixture。This is actually realizing that the formation of an archeological culture is often complicated，Internal and external causes must be considered。But this methodology is at the bet365 best casino games theoretical level，It is not separated from the scope of the traditional archaeological cultural concept。and actually，Rich with Chinese archeological materials、Complex cultural phenomenon，We have all conditions to make unique contributions to world archeology in cultural theory。As long as you explore more at the explanation level，Explore the formation process of the phenomenon of time and space of archeological materials with actual materials，We have hope to propose a new explanation mode for this most basic topic of archeology。

　　Now in the "Settlement Archeology" stage

　　"China Social Sciences":Settlement archeology is generally used by contemporary Chinese archeology circles。What is the origin of the theory and method of settlement archeology?

　　Jiao Tianlong:Settlement archeology based on system field surveys，In many places in China in the past ten years, it has been launched，and provide unprecedented rich materials for the study of prehistoric social changes。Strict civilization proposed in 2010，Chinese archeology has ended the so -called "zone type" phase of the establishment of cultural editors，At this stage, Chinese archeology is in the "settlement archeology" stage。

From the perspective of archeological history，Settlement archeology originated in the American archeology community。It is generally considered，Settlement Archeology was the first in 1946 by American archeologist Gordon Willey。Zhang Guangzhi translated Willie's definition of "settlement form" into: "Human beings deal with the ground where they live on the ground。It includes the arrangement of the house，and including the nature and processing of other buildings related to the life of the community。These settlements should reflect the natural environment，The technical level used by the builder，and the system maintained by this culture。Because of the settlement form, most of them are widely maintained by the need for forming.，They provide a strategic starting point for the functional interpretation of archeological culture。”

Method of the Wild Collection Materials created by the settlement archeology，Created the most important method of archeological research in ancient society，Research one or more sites from the perspective of the region，The site is not isolated，Must be placed in a regional environment to inspect。

　　"China Social Sciences":In your opinion, which topics can settlement archeology be studied?

　　Jiao Tianlong:Settlement archeology can explore the space -time changes of social organizations、Social complexity process、National Origin, etc.，This is the main topic of most settlement archeological research projects。Settlement archeology can also study population changes，That is, the population change in a certain area，Settlement archeology is the most effective method for studying the population，Including the population scale of a single family，The population of a single settlement，Number of population in a certain area，The changes in population and social problems reflected in different periods。Settlement archeology also analyzes human and environmental problems，that is, environmental and landscape archeology。The rise of landscape archeology，Make settlement of archeology and environmental research with new combinations。Settlement archeology also thinks about settlement and resource problems，For example, the choice of settlement and the relationship between natural resources，The relationship between the change of the settlement and the relationship between agricultural resources。With other social sciences attach importance to resource topics，In recent years，Many sociology and economics concepts are applied to archeology，such as path dependency theory, etc.。

"China Social Sciences": What kind of development history did settlement archeology have experienced in China?

Jiao Tianlong: The development of settlement archeology in China can basically be divided into three stages。1950-1984 is the first stage，belongs to the local exploration stage。Before the introduction of the Western settlement archeology，Domestic scholars have conducted relevant exploration，Representatives are Shixingbang。1954-1957，Shi Xingbang, who was working at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the time, led the team to excavate 5 times at the Xi'an Banpo site。The excavation of the Banpo site noticed that the nature of the individual sites、The overall layout of a single settlement、speculation of architectural technology、The relationship between settlement and environment、Restoration of social organizations、Exploration in the field of ideology，reproduced the production and life scene of the residents of pre -historical half -slopes。The subsequent monograph "Banpo Clan Commune: The Ancient Maternity Clan Social System reflected in the archaeological data" used the word "settlement" for the first time。This marks the relevant exploration and efforts of domestic scholars before the introduction of the settlement of settlements。

1984-1995 is the second stage。August to September 1984，Zhang Guangzhiying Bai invited three weeks of academic exchanges at Peking University，and published the famous "Six Lectures of Archaeological Special Topics"。When the fifth lecture "Talking about the Archeology of Settles"，Zhang Guangzhi system introduced the definition of settlement archeology、Theoretical background、Research content and operation methods, etc.，Settlement Archeology has been understood by the Chinese archeology community since then。Zhang Zhongpei thinks，"Settlement Archeology，It is actually archeological research based on the principle of sociology and human geography in archeology.，The purpose is to explore the relationship between people living in one settlement (or the structure of the settlement society)，The time between the relationship between the relationship between the settlement society and the time of the settlement society、Air variation，The relationship between the form of the settlement and the natural environment "。Strict civilization thinks，"Settlement Archeology is a method for field archeological operations and research in the settlement site of the settlement"。At the same time, strict civilization also believes that settlement archeology not only studies the content related to society，Also study content related to the natural environment。，Domestic Site of Xinglonggou, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia、Inner Mongolia Aohan Banner Xinglongwa Site、Anhui Mengcheng Wei Chi Temple site、Henan Xinmi Xinzhai Site、Qinghai Min and Lajia Ruins, all crowns the title of settlement archeology。Settlement archeology in field archeology, in addition to fully exposing the site，There are regional archeological surveys、A variety of forms such as regional archeological surveys and comprehensive exposure, and multi -disciplinary combination。Strictly civilized Yangshao settlement research has a greater impact，In addition, Wang Zhenzhong used a settlement to divide the research of ancient history，and house research on other scholars，It also Bet365 app download has the meaning of exploration。Shijiahe survey carried out by Peking University is the earlier settlement archeological survey of domestic scholars。

1995 to the present is the third stage，Mainly combined with Chinese and foreign cooperation and domestic exploration。Cooperation projects are mainly: the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Lachei University of Australia to the lower reaches of the Ilo River to the River's lower reaches，Shandong University and Yale University, USA、Regional system survey and research carried out by the Chicago Natural History Museum in Rizhao, Shandong，Jilin University、Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Regional system survey and research conducted by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Archeology Institute and Pittsburgh in the Chifeng area of ​​Inner Mongolia。In addition to field archeology，The use of accumulated archeological materials for settlement archeological research is also an important part of settlement archeology，For example, the "Research on prehistoric settlement in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River"，Dai Xiangming's "Settlement and Society of Miao Digou Culture" and so on。What needs attention is，Domestic settlement of regional system survey methods，Most of them are jointly carried out by China and foreign countries。But in recent years，All surveys conducted by domestic institutions and scholars are increasing。and，Many younger generations of scholars start thinking and try，How to design is more suitable for local methods。But overall，Still lack of theoretical innovation。Settlement archeology is very good in China，But far away。

　　Prehistoric Marine Settlement presents regional characteristics

　　"China Social Sciences":You have proposed the concept of "marine settlement archeology" in recent years。How to define this concept in the archeological sense?

　　Jiao Tianlong:2012，I propose the concept of "Marine Settlement Archeology"，Practice in the coastal areas of Fujian。Ocean settlement，Generally refers to the settlement of the coast and island，It has different degrees of development and use of marine resources in its economic activities，and thus caused the marine tendency of its lifestyle，Created a culture related to the ocean。In terms of spiritual beliefs，Ocean settlements generally worship the gods related to the ocean。The residents of these marine settlements generally have certain navigation skills，Regional exchanges and ethnic migration on the coast。With the development of navigation，Some residents spread and immigrate overseas。Different from the living environment，There are certain differences in coast settlement and island settlements，but it is interconnected。For the island settlement，The size of the island and the distance from the coast is also an important factor that determines the characteristics of the marine settlement。

　　"China Social Sciences":What are the development characteristics of the prehistoric marine settlement in China?

　　Jiao Tianlong:According to existing archeological materials，Prehistoric China Marine Settlement can be divided into three stages。

The first stage is the update of the end of the world about 30,000-10,000 years ago。The old stone artifact site located on the east coast of Taiwan in my country should be the most direct material of the marine settlement during this period。Archaeological Studies of the Bazhendong Site of Taitung，It also proves that people living in the end of these caves in the end of the world are engaged in marine fishing。Zhang Guang clearly refers to the residents of these caves as "fishermen"bet365 Play online games ，This is also the earliest archeological material of the earliest marine group that can be seen in the eastern coast of China。Current，Archeologists in Taiwan in my country are conducting new research on these cave groups，The results will promote the economic and cultural understanding of these "fishermen" in the end of the world。

The second phase is the beginning of the new world about 10000-8000 years ago，It can be confirmed that the marine settlement site at this stage is still very small。Since the sea level starts to rise，Some sites on the coast may be drowned for the bottom。The cross -lake bridge site in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang is the earliest known in the new world at present。Although the unearthed animal and plant materials indicate，Cross -lake bridge residents still take terrestrial resources as the main livelihood，But there is no doubt that the residents of this settlement also develop and use marine resources。

The third stage is the mid -new period of about 8000-4000 years ago today，The rapid development period of the marine settlement。At this stage, the entire eastern coastal area of ​​China has a large number of marine settlements。Look at the current materials，Between 7000-5000 years away from this time，is the fastest period of marine settlement，The number of sites is also the most，The Beiqiu and Sand Dune sites that have been discovered have basically appeared in this period。and this period is exactly the high -sea period。It can be said，The coastal environmental change caused by the rise of the sea level，Promoting the development of marine settlements，major turns in marine culture and navigation of the prehistoric era。Ocean culture developed during this period，Lile the basic pattern of ancient Chinese marine culture later，is the key period of understanding the ancient Chinese marine civilization。

　　"China Social Sciences":China is a major marine country，Have a long coastline。Sea culture in different regions reflects regional characteristics in prehistoric Chinese marine settlements?

　　Jiao Tianlong:Division standards according to the tradition of archeological culture，Prehistoric China Marine Settlement can be divided into three major areas。Different cultural characteristics of each region，The form of marine development and the degree of development of maritime。The northern coast area represented by the Bohai Bay and the Yellow Sea area is mainly the distribution and radiation range of the Haiyu Cultural Area，It is also a broad Dongyi Cultural District。Among them, the most abundant materials on the Jiaodong Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula，Ocean settlement with Beiqiu ruins as the main feature。The current academic community has not enough understanding of the prehistoric marine settlement situation of the coast of Shandong Rizhao and the coast of northeast Jiangsu。Although many Neolithic ruins are located near the coast，But there is basically no Beiqiu site in this area。How to understand the marine settlement site of this area from an archeological perspective，is a question that urgently needs to explore。

The central coast area represented by the coast of the east coast，Mainly refers to the Yangtze River Delta and the coastal areas from the eastern part of Zhejiang to the northeast of Guangdong。The development of marine settlements in the Yangtze River Pass and Hangzhou Bay area，Due to the limitations of information and understanding，There has been no effective discussion in the academic community。How to break through the already recognized framework，Find and study marine culture of the bet365 best casino games Neolithic era in this area，It is also a question that needs to be explored urgently。

The Neolithic Research Research on the Neolithic Culture on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is more in -depth。Here，The Beiqiu site is widely distributed on both sides of the Strait and on the islands，The academic community has always believed that this is the most important area that explores the origin of the South Island language.。In the past ten years，Due to the joint efforts of scholars on both sides of the strait，There is a systematic understanding of the change of marine settlements around 6500-3000 years away from this area.。We think，The coastal regional exchanges in this area and the movement and interaction of the relocation of the Taiwan Strait，The foundation of the super -supermarkets of the descendants of the South Island tubes，It also makes it a developed region of Shanghai Ocean Culture in China。

The southern coast area represented by the South China Sea Coast mainly refers to the Pearl River Delta and Beibu Gulf.。The prehistoric marine settlement in this area is mainly characterized by Beiqiu and Sand Dune sites。7000 years ago，The ocean settlement in this area increases rapidly，Become one of the most developed areas of prehistoric marine culture in China。Located at Hekou、Bay and Island's Beiqiu and Sand Dunes sites have reached hundreds of，The excavated sites have unearthed rich fishing tools and marine biological relics，It shows that the development and utilization of the ocean at that time was quite active，The navigation at that time was relatively developed，People can travel freely。These marine culture that occurred in the Neolithic era，laid the foundation of marine culture in the historical era of the region，Make the coast of this area has always been one of the most active areas of China's marine culture。