Since 2002 "Budapest Open Access Proposal"、In 2003, "Berlin Declaration of Berlin, which is open to obtain natural science and human science resources" and other initiatives in the "Berlin Declaration" of Berlin, "，Open access (Open Access， OA) This academic communication mode is increasingly accepted and recognized，Calling the global scientific community to promote open access to open access continues to rise。Developing countries attach great importance to open access，Because it obtains scientific knowledge for these countries、Carry out academic exchanges、Shining has an important role in the technology and cultural gap between developed countries。But，Open access is not perfect。Some scholar reminders，High articles processing fee (Article Processing Charge， APC) For developing countries, it really benefits from open access to an obstacle，It may make scientific researchers from these countries be marginalized。

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According to the operation method and whether it is charged，Open access can be divided into gold OA、Green OA、Mixed OA、Diamond/Platinum OA and other types。Open deposit and drawing literature is free for readers，But in the most common golden OA (the author's final draft is published online) and hybrid OA (at the same time providing open access content and subscription content)，Publishing institutions collect articles processing fees to the author (can be paid by the author's scientific research institution or scientific research funding agency)，Cover the editor (including peer review)、School pair、typeset、Technical support、Publishing costs in marketing and customer service。An associate professor at the University of Ottawa University Heather Morrison in 2018 in 2018，The average APC of Global Open Access Scientific Literature in 2017 is $ 974，APC has the most journals at 0-1000 US dollars，Follow。

Bet365 lotto review But，Different publishing agencies、APC gap in different journals is large。According to public data，Spelinger · Nature Publishing Group's Journal Mixed OA APC is 1990-11390 US dollars/articles，The APC of ordinary OA is $ 860-6000/article;。and，APC of well -known journals is usually more expensive。

Associate Professor of Cities and Legal Geography in Turin University in Italy, Francesco Chiodelli, told this reporter，In a developed country，The burden of APC depends on the position and work institution of scientific researchers。The institution will issue personal funds to researchers every year，The funds required for APC are included in this funding。The personal expenses issued by each institution are very different，Scholars with higher levels of scholars are usually more expensive。Taking Kio -Oed itself as an example，He gets about 2,000 euros each year，It is similar to other Scholarship of other Italian universities。Without the source of additional funds，All your own scientific research activities come from this personal fund，The share that can be used to pay APC is obviously very limited。Kiogai Li said，Many scientific researchers in developed countries cannot afford expensive APC，The situation of scientific researchers in developing countries must be more difficult。

　　Scholars in developing countries are difficult to afford

For many developers in developing countries，It costs thousands or even tens of thousands of dollars to publish an article for publishing an article，More unsustainable。According to the professor of the Department of Biochemistry, St. Paul University in Brazil, Alicia Juliana Kowaltowski and others introduced，4000 US dollars/articles APC is regarded as "normal price"，and the two -year scientific research funding provided by the Brazilian federal government is 5640-2560 US dollars，The specific amount depends on the applicant's research experience。Brazil's most "generous" scientific research funding institution，It is the St. Paul Research Foundation in St. Paulo State，But even the scientific research funding provided Bet365 lotto review by the foundation，Generally does not exceed 30,000 US dollars per year。and，All equipment required for this amount covers the study、Consumption、Service，APC is just one of them。

Of course，If the scientific research results are published, all transfer to OA form，Investment currently used for subscribing journals can be used to pay APC。but，In Brazil，Journal subscription fee is responsible for the "CAPES Journal Portal"。It is Brazil's National Science and Technology Electronic Library Alliance，Provide academic works、Journal、Access rights of scientific research database。The agency's 2021 budget is about $ 75 million，Among them, about 52.5 million US dollars may be used to purchase the full text of scientific literature to obtain permissions。Brazilian academic circles publish about 56,000 journal papers every year，Even if the above 52.5 million US dollars are used to pay the papers to publish related costs，The average APC of each paper cannot exceed 1,000 US dollars。and，Doing the full text of other forms of documents such as monographs and other forms of literature will be obtained。

The situation in Brazil is not an exception。Erwin Krauskopf (Erwin Krauskopf), deputy principal studied at the University of Chile, said，APC is not easy to promote in Chile，Because most Chilean universities do not have an OA budget。The cost of some journals is high，The research ability of scholars with insufficient funds constitutes damage。According to Clauskopif to research，Published and included in the papers of the global scientific citation database "Science Network" in 2019，There are 15051 articles at least one author worked in Chilean scientific research institutions，Among them, there are 6776 OA papers。65.4%of OA paper paid APC，Total about 9.13 million US dollars。79%of the APC expenditure was paid to Commercial Publishing House，Including John Weili、Ais Weier、The APC collected by five commercial publishing houses including Spelinge accounts for 52%of the total amount of APC。The National Research and Development Bureau of Chile will implement the bet365 live casino games first national OA policy by the end of 2021，Some scholars are worried that the policy will implement budget restrictions on the library alliance，Impact Alliance continues to provide the obtaining permissions for the literature with paid walls for scientific research institutions。

The World Health Organization African Medical Officer Juliet Nabyonga-Orem and others said，APC bonds African scientific research progress。Data of the World Health Organization 2018，Scientific research funds obtained by African countries only account for 0.65%of the world's。Due to local scientific research funding plans, it has always been difficult to continue，African scientific researchers often need to conduct research or participate in international cooperation，But the research of foreign funding for Africa，Frequently limited value or exploitation。In this situation，African scholars often have to pay APC at their own expense。But，Compared with the salary of scientific researchers，APC can be described as a "huge sum"。South Africa is the highest salary African country with scientific researchers，But the salary of South African scholars is only 45%-60%of the United States such as high -income countries such as the United States。in Ghana、Cara Leone、Zambia and other African countries，The average monthly salary of the highest level of medical experts and researchers is only $ 2,000，APC of only one papers may exhaust their wages for months。

　　Excessive Publishing Fee Harbin Scientific Research tolerance

Economic pressure brought by APC，The APC reduction policy of the publishing agency is one of the solutions。If the communication author of an article comes from low -income regions/countries (based on the relevant indicators of World Bank and the United Nations)，You can apply for free APC or enjoy discounts (up to 50%)。but but，APC reduction can only solve some problems。Kovatovsky told this reporter，Latin American scientific research output "heavy town" Brazil、Argentina、Mexico and other countries do not belong to the low -income economy under the World Bank standard，bet365 Play online games Authors of these countries cannot enjoy the discount of APC automatic reduction and exemption，But their research funding conditions are really unable to compare with developed countries in the West。In other words，They are actually "too poor"，It is difficult to publish articles; but they will be identified by the publishing agency as "too rich"，so that you do not have APC reduction qualifications。The authors of the country can apply for APC reduction in the name of personal name after the submission is accepted and prove that there is a demand。But，Copavatovsky and colleagues' personal experience is，Personal application of APC reduction and free time，In most cases, in vain。Complex、Application process with obstacles，It looks like to make the applicant discouraged，The final mouth is not true。Even if the application is successful，Discounts are often very small。Another，APC's full -scale reduction policy often forms。Low -income countries defined by the Bank (such as Afghanistan、Ethiopia、Sudan) is in a very difficult situation，Scientific research output is minimal，The release of achievements is even more unable to talk about。

From the perspective of Kiogaili，APC is related to publishing ethical problems，"Vulnerability" APC system is harmful to the entire academic system。First，APC created barriers to the author who lacks scientific research funds，Such as a young/career starter、Scholars with unstable work nature、Scientific research institutions from insufficient funds or researchers from non -issued economies。This will exacerbate the stratification of the academic world。Next，For the publisher，APC is a considerable income，This may drive them to reduce the standard for profit、Published as many contributions as possible，The publishing cycle of APC articles is short，This point is reflected from the side。Relax quality control of scientific research results，The legitimacy of scientific research、Trusting constitutes a threat。Published too many documents、Filtering is not strictly not conducive to serious scientific bet365 Play online games research activities。such as，A cross -disciplinary OA journal in the field of sustainable research published about 10500 articles in 2020，Readers identify the latest trends and dynamics in the field from a large number of articles、Major progress is not easy。Kovatovsky, talk about，A group of developing countries, including her, are very worried about the status quo of open access。Publishing agencies are quickly turning to paying for the publication.，Scientific researchers in developing countries may be excluded from academic mainstream due to insufficient economic ability。APC is not only high，And rising quickly，Speed ​​more than the inflation rate。If the current situation continues，Some scientific researchers may not be able to bear the cost of posting a few months later。But，Publishing agencies are not so high for the APC、Why do you make a reasonable explanation for such a reasonable price increase。It is difficult for people to understand，Since the research itself is completed by the author who applies to scientific research funds，The quality of the article is controlled by the non -paid peer judges，Publishing agency just "processing" and putting the article online，What is the reason for such a high reason?

Kovatovsky thinks，The scientific community ignored the fair pricing and academic publishing industry during the promotion of open access，This will hurt scientific research tolerance。If scholars in developing countries cannot afford the cost of publishing scientific research results in high -quality journals around the world，They will become more "transparent" than now。She said，As more and more researchers have noticed this phenomenon and publish them in the journal，The academic circles of developed countries have gradually realized that the full promotion of open access cannot solve all problems，But it is necessary to worry about the spread of this consciousness far behind the price increase of APC。

Kovatovsky emphasized，If the open access movement is not based on a more comprehensive academic publishing reform,，can only improve science to Bet365 app download a certain extent，No help to maintain scientific research tolerance。To avoid open access to become an economic barrier，It is necessary to take measures aiming to truly promote tolerance。The scientific community must ensure the fairness of academic publication，National Scientific Research Institution Alliance can collect and analyze the budget of the publishing institution，Compared with estimated publishing costs，Set a fair price upper limit。At the personal level，Scientific researchers should choose to contribute to the journal edited by the academic group of this subject，Guarantee at least some publishing profits return to academic circles，In particular, it should support non -commercial diamond/platinum OA journals。