Having influence is one of the pursuits of modern academia。In an academic paper or bet365 refer a friend code report，Scholars often describe the possible impact of their bet365 refer a friend code work in various ways，Including bringing about changes in theoretical perspectives，Generating new bet365 refer a friend code models，Even affect or change the objective world and social life, etc.。Therefore，How to evaluate these impacts is also a hot topic in academic circles，Especially in social science fields where it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate bet365 refer a friend code results and their impact，Many scholars have discussed how to evaluate the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code。New trends and new methods around social science impact evaluation，Our reporter sorted out the opinions of relevant experts and scholars，Interviewed with Ziyad Marar, Chairman of Global Publishing Department of SAGE Publishing, an independent academic and professional publishing group。

　　Quantitative indicators are difficult to fully evaluate bet365 refer a friend code impact

When talking about why scholars pay attention to the impact of bet365 refer a friend code，Ron Kassimir, senior advisor to the Columbia World Project at Columbia University, suggests there may be multiple reasons for this。First，If the bet365 refer a friend code has a strong impact，It can naturally improve the status and reputation of scholars，Enable scholars to be hired、Salary、In a relatively favorable position in terms of promotion and funding。As social science bet365 refer a friend code gains wider attention，The reputation economy may also appear in some fields in the social sciences。Secondly，Social science bet365 refer a friend code funders increasingly expect bet365 refer a friend code impact，It is especially hoped that the relevant bet365 refer a friend code results can have a greater impact outside the academic field，Such a trend will make scholars pay more attention to the impact of bet365 refer a friend code。Last，Many scholars in the social sciences view “influence” as a moral pursuit，Many young social science scholars in particular are struggling to balance career development with making a broader impact on the world，Expect to have influence in both academic and public fields。

Scholars are paying more and more attention to bet365 refer a friend code influence，Many people have also noticed the shortcomings of impact assessment methods，And develop arguments from various angles。Traditional scientific bet365 refer a friend code impact evaluation standards are generally based on the citations of bet365 refer a friend code results，Shizhe Publishing House released a bet365 refer a friend code report titled "The Latest Thinking About Metrics for bet365 refer a friend code Impact in the Social Sciences" in 2019，Traditional assessment methods can no longer meet modern academic needs，Citations in other academic works cannot fully demonstrate the value of social science bet365 refer a friend code results outside academia，There is therefore a need to find new impact assessment methods。

Anne-Wil Harzing, professor of international management at Middlesex University in the UK, discusses the diversity of influences，Thoughts when discussing the impact of bet365 refer a friend code，Scholars often have different understandings of the concept of influence，Can be divided into different situations to carry out targeted discussions。Depending on the academic role of the scholar，She divides influence into three different levels。As a researcher，A scholar’s ​​work is intended for other scholars，Achieve further development or breakthrough based on the bet365 refer a friend code results of others。Scholars work together to contribute to the academic knowledge system，Promote the development of science。In this case，The number of citations of academic bet365 refer a friend code results can be used to measure its academic influence。As a teacher，The target audience of academics’ work is students，The bet365 refer a friend code results will be used as reading materials in the classroom，Assist students in learning and developing critical thinking。At this level，The impact of bet365 refer a friend code can be determined by whether it is in a textbook、Measurement by appearance in syllabus。The first two angles involve the influence of bet365 refer a friend code results within the academic community，The results of academic bet365 refer a friend code also play an important role outside academia，Able to benefit the economy、Society、Culture、Influence in many fields such as public policy。Outside academia，The ultimate goal of scholars is to solve social problems。Overall，Hasin thinks，It is impossible to comprehensively and accurately measure the academic and non-academic impact of bet365 refer a friend code results by relying on a single quantitative indicator，Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively use quantitative indicators、Qualitative evidence and personal statements to measure and prove the impact of bet365 refer a friend code。

Marla also made a similar point in the article "On Measuring Social Science Impact"。He thinks，In measuring the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code，If you only focus on citations，Such as journal impact factor and H-index, etc.，Not only will it affect the accuracy of the assessment，And it will bring unexpected consequences。With the increasing weight of these indicators in the selection and promotion of scholars，It may also bring new risks。As Goodhart’s Law says，When a policy becomes a goal，It will no longer be a good policy。People are shifting their focus from doing bet365 refer a friend code to increasing their impact numbers，Start using methods such as self-citation and "mutual citation club" to increase the value。Value attribution can shape bet365 refer a friend code practice itself，With promotion、Earned tenure、Incentive policies related to obtaining bet365 refer a friend code funding will affect the behavior of scholars，There is therefore a need to evaluate the impact of bet365 refer a friend code in a more comprehensive and diverse way。

The debate surrounding citation-based assessment methods is not limited to the social sciences，Other fields are also discussing how to measure the impact of bet365 refer a friend code results。Back in 2012，Some scholars、Academic Organization、Funding agency、Journals and other journals jointly signed the "San Francisco bet365 refer a friend code Evaluation Declaration"，Call to no longer use impact factors to evaluate the academic achievements of individual scientists，Universities and bet365 refer a friend code institutions no longer employ him as a professor、Decision factors for promotion or bet365 refer a friend code funding allocation，And calls for improvements in funding agencies、How academic institutions and other interested parties evaluate scientific bet365 refer a friend code results。After this，Such calls are getting stronger and stronger。Science, University College London, UK、Technology、A survey on the role of evaluation metrics led by James Wilsdon, professor in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy，If there is no qualitative judgment such as peer review as supplement and support，Relying solely on indicators is not a responsible and reliable way to evaluate。

　　Evaluation methods should conform to the characteristics of bet365 refer a friend code sciences

Bjorn Hammarfeldt (Bj, senior lecturer at the School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås, Sweden?觟rn Hammarfelt) interviewed scholars in the field of social sciences about the use of bibliometric methods，In the process of being interviewed，Many scholars have expressed dissatisfaction with the current bibliometric methods，And expressed the need to convey his values ​​to people who only want to see quantitative data。Some scholars also bluntly stated that the evaluation method is not suitable for the field of social sciences，The indicators involved cannot reflect the bet365 refer a friend code results of scholars，But they have to continue using these metrics to meet assessment requirements。

Marla told this reporter，The problems of social science and natural science bet365 refer a friend code are different，There are also differences in bet365 refer a friend code methods。In natural science or science、Technology、Engineering、Science、Technology、Engineering、Mathematics，hereinafter referred to as "STEM") field，Researchers can use quantitative methods，Use clear data to summarize unified and general conclusions，The impact of bet365 refer a friend code results is also often easier to measure，If a technological breakthrough is achieved、Patented、bet365 refer a friend code results can be directly applied to production, etc.。And bet365 refer a friend code development in the natural sciences or STEM fields also tends to follow a linear trajectory，It is therefore easier to measure its impact using citation-based evaluation criteria。

For the field of social sciences，Mara thinks，First，The problems studied by bet365 refer a friend code scholars cannot be summarized by a unified definition。bet365 refer a friend code informs public policy，Guiding social development，Help us understand social trends and social issues，To understand our world。At the same time, bet365 refer a friend code can also help cultivate people’s empathy，Improve their critical thinking skills，Increase their self-awareness。Essentially，bet365 refer a friend code can help people understand、Navigating and improving the world we live in。

Secondly，Social science deeply studies human behavior，Focus on social and cultural complexities，bet365 refer a friend code objects are often intangible content，Social relations、Cultural customs and historical background involve complex and intangible factors，Difficult to reduce to quantifiable indicators。Researchers have difficulty isolating variables，Establishing causal relationships，And come up with a universally applicable theory。

Finally，The impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code is complex、subtle、Scattered、Long term、Multiple levels and other features，Difficult to capture by traditional metrics。The impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code usually has a time lag，Hence difficult to measure and evaluate，Although social stakeholders expect immediate benefits from bet365 refer a friend code。In addition，The interdisciplinary nature of the social sciences means that insights from one field may contribute to the development of ideas in another，Making it more difficult to measure the impact of relevant results solely by citations。

Due to the large differences between social science bet365 refer a friend code and natural science bet365 refer a friend code，Thus when determining impact assessment methods in the social sciences，Difficulty borrowing standards from the natural sciences or STEM fields。In Mara’s opinion，A social psychology paper published in 1973 that is still the subject of debate among social psychologists，The Interpretation of Cultures by Clifford Geertz (1973) and A Theory of Justice (1971) by John Rawls A Theory of Justice)，Made lasting contributions to anthropological and political theory。Visible，The impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code results is long-term at the time level，And the impact tends to become more widespread over time。Also，The diverse forms of academic output are also a characteristic of social sciences。

Emanuela Reale, director of the Institute for Economic Sustainability of the Italian National bet365 refer a friend code Council, and colleagues review the literature on the impact of scientific bet365 refer a friend code in the social sciences and humanities in a relevant literature review，They found that impact measurement methods directly applied in the natural sciences，Will lead to the underestimation of the value of social science and humanities bet365 refer a friend code，Because the current mainstream natural science impact assessment methods do not take into account the unique characteristics of social science and humanities bet365 refer a friend code that are different from natural science。Example，Instead of working on discovering new theories, new species, etc.，Social science and humanities scholars are more interested in exploring new bet365 refer a friend code methods。Also，Although social sciences and humanities bet365 refer a friend code are also committed to promoting social development，But scholars’ interest is not oriented to “available results”，Instead, we strive to influence and guide society to maintain cultural heritage，And the ability to enhance people’s self-understanding and mutual understanding in different contexts。Therefore，We need to find assessment methods that are more suitable and reflect the characteristics of social sciences。

　　Establish responsible and reliable bet365 refer a friend code standards

American economist Herbert Simon pointed out，With the advent of the explosive information age，Attention becomes a scarce resource。Therefore，Academia needs more guidance、Comprehensive and accurate measurement indicators，Select truly influential bet365 refer a friend code results。However，Despite identifying the problem，But what is the best way to demonstrate social science impact，There is still no consensus among the academic community。

The rapid development of new technologies opens the door to exploring new assessment methods，Currently, the academic community is also trying to establish alternative indicators，Altmetrics is probably the most well-known of these attempts。Single paper evaluation、Measurement of scientific bet365 refer a friend code results、Scientific bet365 refer a friend code Discovery Measurement、Scientometrics 2.0 The confluence of many other studies，And the continued development of networked scientific communication，Contributed to the rise of altmetrics。Currently，Altmetrics is still a broad term，It covers a variety of digital indicators related to academic achievements，Some of these indicators originate from the academic ecosystem，Some are derived from the interaction between stakeholders and academic achievements in the social public space。Altmetrics evaluates the impact of scientific bet365 refer a friend code by integrating various types of data，Including people from all walks of life who can spread academic knowledge、Data on platforms for academic exchange，Such as traditional media、Social Media、Blog、Policy documents, etc.。In the context of altmetrics，People making assessments，It is not only necessary to analyze the number of citations of bet365 refer a friend code results，And it will also increase the number of downloads、Number of reads、Indicators such as the number of shares will be taken into consideration，Is a powerful supplement to traditional bibliometric methods。

Marla thinks，Altmetrics is a way of measuring the social impact of bet365 refer a friend code results，It falls outside the citation-based model of impact assessment in scholarship，Provides people with an alternative。Altmetrics by accounting for social media engagement、Many factors such as news reports and policy document citations，More comprehensively reflects the impact of a bet365 refer a friend code result。However，he added，Altmetrics also has limitations，Although it presents a broader perspective，But the data it provides may be susceptible to bias or manipulation，And may not fully capture the long-term impact of the study。In addition，Focus on real-time feedback may obscure focus on the bet365 refer a friend code itself，Risk of shifting focus。

Mara said，Some scholars have established a new institution，Specially tracks the application of academic bet365 refer a friend code in policy formulation，He thinks this may be more useful than altmetrics in assessing the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code。Shizhe Publishing House as a social science publisher，Also often discuss issues related to the impact assessment of social science bet365 refer a friend code，And explore the role you can play。Over the past few years，Mara and others try to use other ways to measure bet365 refer a friend code impact，Example，Announcement of 5-year impact factor、Annual award for the most cited article published within 10 years。Mara thinks，Measuring the quality and impact of bet365 refer a friend code long into the future，Still inseparable from counting the number of citations，But not limited to this。Hassin mentioned the Overton policy document database，She said that using this database can capture bet365 refer a friend code results and papers cited in policy documents，Relevant citations can provide support for impact assessment。

Willsden pointed out in the bet365 refer a friend code report，A responsible and reliable measurement standard should have the following characteristics: First，Robustness，Based indicators on the most accurate and extensive data possible；Second，Humility，That is, recognizing that the role of quantitative evaluation should be to further support the qualitative evaluation of experts，Instead of replacing it；Third，Transparency，That is to ensure that the data collection and analysis process is open and transparent；Fourth，Diversity，i.e. taking into account differences in various fields，And be able to use a range of indicators to reflect and support the diversity of researchers’ academic career development；Fifth，Reflective，That is, understanding and predicting the systemic nature and potential impact of indicators，And update according to actual situation。

　　Multi-party cooperation and interdisciplinary dialogue to solve bet365 refer a friend code problems

Talking about how to contribute to solving related problems，Mara said，This is a systemic problem，Journal、The role of universities and academic groups in the social sciences is more important than in other subject areas，They support the exploration of innovative bet365 refer a friend code methods，Encourage researchers to engage and communicate with stakeholders such as policymakers and the public，It creates a team of experts who can accumulate knowledge in highly controversial areas。These academic organizations promote an inclusive bet365 refer a friend code culture through various methods，Helps explore for more accuracy、More meaningful ways to assess the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code。

Shizhe Publishing House is also convening more organizations to discuss this issue。2019，From Google、American Social Science bet365 refer a friend code Council、New York University、Influence bet365 refer a friend code experts from the University of Washington and many other institutions participated in the seminar hosted by Shizhe Publishing House，Let’s discuss ways to measure the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code。The report "Latest Thoughts on the Impact Assessment of Social Science bet365 refer a friend code" was formed by sorting out the key points of the meeting，This report analyzes the stakeholders involved in impact assessment、Key terms defined、Clear the problem，45 resources and databases also listed，Proposed 4 evaluation models for reference。The first is the academic output model，This is also the most common way to assess the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code，That is, evaluated by reference。The second is the people-oriented model，Proposed to shift the focus of bet365 refer a friend code influence from the text to the researchers themselves，Because people are the embodiment of thoughts，Text is just the output form of the researcher，Exploring the influence of bet365 refer a friend code is also tracking the spread and influence of ideas。The evaluation method under this model includes tracking the scholars’ work units and the innovative projects they participate in, etc.，You can explore the reality transformation of researchers’ academic thoughts and their impact on the world。The third is the four-quadrant mode，Divide the impact into four parts，Respectively: "Academic"，That is, whether the bet365 refer a friend code enhances people’s understanding of the world；"Industry"，That is, whether the bet365 refer a friend code improves the researcher’s ability to perform work，If a new bet365 refer a friend code method is developed、New data set etc. created；"Society"，Whether the bet365 refer a friend code brings changes to society，If academic suggestions are related to policy、Related to changes in regulations, etc.，Whether it affects productivity or GDP changes, etc.；"Public"，i.e., whether the bet365 refer a friend code changes public understanding，This can be obtained from public participation、Public discussion、Observation from the perspective of network communication。The fourth is pragmatism mode，That is, from a practical point of view，Researchers should consider how they can convince funders that their investments are being well utilized，And can have a greater academic impact。

Marla thinks，In addition to these efforts，There is only so much a publisher or journal can do on its own。As far as he knows，The current citation-based evaluation method remains the core mechanism for scholars to build reputation in the bet365 refer a friend code ecosystem，Also scholars receive funding、Promotion、Main evaluation basis for tenure-track positions, etc.，So the challenge for organizations such as higher education institutions and bet365 refer a friend code associations is actually to change the mechanisms by which reputation is built。Each field can explore new evaluation standards according to its own needs。

Marla told reporters，They will continue to work on developing more comprehensive、Detailed、Reliable methods for measuring the impact of social science bet365 refer a friend code。To do this，Need to recognize the limitations of current methods、Characteristics and importance of social science bet365 refer a friend code，And promote interdisciplinary dialogue，Promote more innovative attempts。He also expressed his great expectation that open access and digital technology will play a key role in this process，Let bet365 refer a friend code results be disseminated to a wider range，And create opportunities for more people to participate。