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"Unwavering" France and its social differentiation

February 20, 2020 04:28 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences", February 20, 2020, No. 1869 Author: Zhang Jinling

　　"Equality" is one of the proverbs of the Republic of France，The enthusiasm of the French pursuing "equality" is also part of its national character。The Declaration of Human Rights and Citizenship established from the French Revolution，To France "Constitution"，Then go to various other legal texts，The basic principles of "equal equality before the law" are present。but，Equality before the law，It does not guarantee equality in the real society。

　　It is worth noting that，In recent years，The "inequality" problem in French society is increasingly prominent。For the past few years，From "Standing in the Night" (2016) to the "Yellow Vest" Movement (2018)，Although the magnificent social movement has different direct motives，But the complaint on issues such as "inequality" and "unfairness" has become one of the common causes。"Unemark" phenomenon is the continuous intensification of French social differentiation，This is both the French economy、Results of changes in social and political situation，It also affects the evolution of its social ecology and political pattern to a to a fairly extent。

　　In inequality of income and employment becomes a common phenomenon

　　From the latest survey results released by French research institutions "Observatoire des Inégalités" in 2019，If you do not consider factors such as tax and social welfare，In 2016。Even re -distribution factors such as taxation and social benefits，The income gap between the French people is still very large，The first 10%of the most group revenue accounts for 23.8%of the total population income。In France，More than 90%of the population uses employment labor as the main livelihood mode，How much the salary income directly determines the level of their living bet365 live casino games standards，They are extremely sensitive to their income differences with inequality behind them。

　　The difference in income from the French is still clearly reflected in assets，The gap between their asset wealth is far greater than the income。The richest first 1%of the richest 1%has 17%of national total assets，and the first 10%account for about half of the national total assets。The median assets of the management personnel are more than 200,000 euros，and the median assets of the low -skilled workers are only 16,400 euros。

　　Inequices of labor income and inequality of capital ownership，is the two aspects of the long -term unequal structure of contemporary Western countries revealed by French scholar Thomas Picatti in "21st Century Capital"。The data he confirmed in the book indicates，In the 20th century French's overall income of inequality is narrowing，But the degree of inequality of wage income maintains the original state。This also shows，Equivalence in income is already a long -term phenomenon in France，It is accompanied by the structure of the capitalist system。Unexpected intergenerational legend leads to the solidification of social classes。Study points out，For a person at the bottom of the income distribution，To reach the average level，Time to need at least 6 generations。This can be seen，The difficulty of breakthroughs in the class is quite large。

　　Since the 1980s，Unemployment problem has been seriously troubled France。Unemployment problems affect different groups in different ways，For many people，unemployment means losing the original social relationship and its social status，It is difficult to incorporate the original social circle again。On the labor market，The closely related to employment issues are the degree of the job seeker，The difference in education level directly affects the employment opportunities of the parties。Comprehensive statistical data in 2016，The unemployment Bet365 app download rate of group unemployment without any education is 18.3%，is 3.7 times the acceptance of higher education groups，and the latter basically have full -time jobs，The unemployment rate is only 5%。In recent years，The reform of the reduction of social tax distribution by France has greatly reduced the labor cost of the minimum income group，However, it continues to have a serious impact on the middle -income group。In the salary structure of low -income groups，Social sharing funds to be paid by the employer account for 4%of the pre -tax salary share，while the salary of the middle -income group accounts for 36%。Although this measure can effectively support the employment of low -skilled people，But it will also become a obstacle to increasing wage income in low -income income，and also affects some groups of (re -) employment status。

　　Current，Unstable employment status involves a quarter of the employment population。Can you expect your future life，One of the main signs of the differentiation and break of the French social group。The scale of non -fixed -term labor contract (CDI) that has been widespread in the past has been significantly reduced，Signed a fixed term contract (CDD) not only becomes an employment form for more and more people，The term of the contract is also generally shorter and shorter，This further aggravates the unstable state of the employment of a large number of people。The difference in employment capabilities in the labor market, although it is closely related to individual qualifications and skills，But the level of the comprehensive quality of the workers is bound by the phenomenon of educational inequality。

　　Education, opportunities inequality highlight the cure of the class

　　In France，Many disadvantages of the poor class also penetrate into the field of education。The social background of adolescents, which generally affect their academic achievements and their education level，The latter directly determines bet365 live casino games that their ability to enter the labor market is higher and their employment situation，Then shaped the differentiation of the French future citizen group。

　　The report released by the "Injustice Watching Institute" shows，Start from the lower grade，The social background of French children seriously affects their academic performance。For teenagers graduated from junior high school，Social inequality they suffer，Directly manifested in their graduation diversion and whereabouts，The latter is obviously closely related to the social class where his parents belongs。Children of a wealthy family (84.8%) enter the high school stage to continue the academic ratio is 2 times the children of poor families (42.4%)。In the higher education stage，Class differences are more prominent。

　　From the perspective of long -term period，Inequuling in the field of French education has long -term existence。Just as Picatti said，Although "looking at it for a long time，Viozer investment education is to reduce labor income inequality、The best way to improve labor productivity and even increase overall economic growth "，But the French "democratization of the education system does not eliminate the inequality of education"。and，Education itself is not obvious in promoting the solidification of breakthrough class，The ability to reduce class inequality is also limited。

　　French re -distribution of wealth realized through tax and transfer payment，It is a powerful tool to reduce social inequality。Although wealth re -distribution can help poor families maintain a certain standard of living，but cannot correct the uneven problems in the allocation field。Especially，French re -distribution of wealth realized through tax and transfer payment。

　　Worsening of inequality in French society，Not because of too fragile wealth re -distribution mechanisms，and in a deeper level, it is a question of opportunity inequality。bet365 live casino games It is the unequal opportunity that makes some groups from being passed down from generation to generation。In other words，The ladder flowing upward in society has been blocked for a long time。and，Opportunities The problem of unequal opportunities is not just poor groups，It also affects the middle class to a certain extent。It is worth noting that，Fortune Reconstruction System Although it helps to correct the most obvious inequality phenomenon，But rarely benefit the middle class。It can be said，This kind of compensation mechanism for inequality，It is impossible to truly save the poorest population，It is also destroying the stability of the middle class。

　　"Une equal" causes social differentiation

　　Since the French Revolution，French people have made great efforts on the road to fight for equality。By combing, you can find it，French achieved the most prominent achievements in pursuing political rights equality and gender equality，The struggle in the equality of economic -social rights is still facing difficulties。Equality of political rights and Economic — Equality of social rights is complementary，No real economic -equality of social rights，There will be no true equal political rights。

　　Now，Economic — The "inequality" problem at the social level continues to affect the inherent unity and stability of French society。Although inequality has always existed，But in the background of better economic development，"Une equality" does not cause serious social problems。but now，The increasingly inequality phenomenon with the economic downturn has become the internal disease of French society，Not only does it continue to increase social differentiation、Strengthening class solidification，and also continuously fermented with populism，The foundation that leads to social stability is gradually micro。

　　Pikieti's research has long been pointed out，The free market mechanism of capitalism is a hotbed of this kind of inequality，Bet365 lotto review And the more complete the market, the more efficient the more efficient，In the context where the growth of the economy is very slow，Capital yields are often greater than economic growth。This situation，It is the reason why French wealth gaps have continued to exist in recent years。The intensification of the phenomenon of "unequal" not only causes greater damage in the middle and lower classes of France，It also gradually deeply affects the middle class，The latter as the existence of existence of the backbone in society，This potential impact on French society cannot be ignored。

　　The phenomenon of "unequal" reflects France's increasingly serious social differentiation，Reflect that its existing system is in the predicament of the governance of contemporary social problems。How to cope with the aggravated social differentiation，Enhance social solidarity，Continuous change for society and condense society，It is a difficult problem facing contemporary France in the social field。but，At present，"Unemark" problem as a structural existence，It is difficult to get reversed in a short time，This is the disadvantage of its system。

　　Unequedness in the social field is a more common phenomenon，But they reflect the national conditions of various countries in different ways、Differences between social conditions and people's conditions，It also reflects in the context of different times，The ability of the systems of various countries to deal with unequal phenomena。As Pickei said，Starting in the 1970s and 1980s，Unemgic phenomena from all over the world increase again，Although the situation between different countries is significantly different，But once again shows that the system and political differences play a key role。For the deepening reform of France's comprehensive advancement，How to reconcile economic efficiency in the system、The contradiction between social fairness and personal freedom，Very important。

　　(This article is the "Contemporary Dilemma bet365 Play online games of French Multi -Culturalism and its Governance Research" (16bmz096) phased achievement)

　　(The author is a researcher at the European Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Secretary -General of Marxism and European Civilization Research Center)

Editor in charge: Changchang