New Crown Pneumonia's epidemic has brought challenges to global public health governance，Repeat and improve the country's infectious disease prevention and control mechanism。For the European Union，Since integration，The crisis of infectious diseases becomes a common challenge facing member states and the European Union。Therefore，Preventing the threat of cross -border infectious diseases has always been an important issue in the public health field of the European Union，corresponding to it，Establishing and improving the response mechanism has also become an indispensable component in the EU governance system。

　　Bet365 lotto review

EU's infectious disease response mechanism develops with the changes of the disease situation and the evolution of public health policy，The process is roughly divided into buds、Development and deepening three stages。

Sybility stage。1993，The Treaty of the Marstrichter mentioned the problem of disease prevention and control，EU "" should encourage cooperation among member states，and the action of supporting member states when necessary，contribute to ensuring high -level human health protection "。About hygiene permissions，The "European Union Operation Treaty" stipulates，"EU behavior is mainly supplemented by national policy"，"Respect member states to define its health policy and organize and provide health services and medical responsibilities"。In practice，member states shall coordinate health policies and plans with the European Commission，The EU Commission can also take useful active bet365 Play online games action，Especially formulating guidelines，Promote this coordination。

From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century，The establishment of the EU infectious disease response mechanism is gradually beginning。1998，The EU has passed the "Resolution on the Establishment of Popular Disease Monitoring and Infectious Disease Control Network"，Standardize the definition and monitoring method of the main infectious disease cases，Make data from various countries be better absorbed by other member states。According to the resolution，EU established an early warning and response system (Early Warning and Response System，It is mainly when the existence of potential infectious diseases spread to other member states，Early warning information to the EU and member states，In order to take coordinated control measures。October 28, 2001，The EU has set up the Health Security Community。This is an informal cooperation agency composed of high -level representatives of the European Commission and member states，Responsible for coordinating the specific measures of the EU's internal health and security issues。From the EU to the beginning of the 21st century，Although the EU infectious disease prevention and control mechanism with super national nature has not been established，But strengthening information exchange、Strengthening coordinating response to the basic consensus of becoming a member country，laid a certain foundation for subsequent development。

Development stage。Enter the 21st century，The risk of global infectious diseases continues to increase，European people have doubts about the actual role of the European Union in the existing sanitation system，The call for improving the response mechanism of infectious diseases is increasing。

bet365 live casino games For this，December 2003，EU decided to establish the European Disease Prevention and Control Center，The following referred to as ECDC)。April 2004，ECDC officially established in Stockholm，It marks the development of the European Union's infectious disease response mechanism into a new stage。ECDC is an independent EU institution，Including the network such as European infectious diseases、Early warning and response system and other health institutions，Show a centralized trend。2004-2013 is the development period of the EU infectious disease response mechanism。ECDC's establishment marks that the EU has the central institution that responds to emergencies，strengthened the EU's infectious disease prevention and control ability。But what needs to be pointed out is，This progress is mainly reflected in risk assessment，In terms of prevention and control measures in relevant member states，These institutions in the European Union rarely involve more political risk management tasks。

Deepening phase。Enter the second ten years of the 21st century，Although the incidence of infectious diseases in Europe remains stable or even shows a downward trend，But the E. coli epidemic in Germany、Ebola virus, etc., all indicate that the threat of infectious diseases will start at any time。Changes in the situation of the epidemic situation require the EU to establish a more comprehensive sanitary security framework。2013，The EU passed the "Cross-Border Health Threat Decision)，Implementation and implementation in the form of legislation。The decision aims to enhance the ability to prevent and control human diseases by supporting the coordination and cooperation between member states "。"Cross -border Health Threat Decision" is "an important step for improving the bet365 Play online games EU's health and security and protecting citizens from various health threats"。It stipulates that the EU ’s operation mode when dealing with the threat of cross -border infectious diseases，The shortcomings of the national policy in the field of infectious disease prevention and control。

　The difficulty of coordination between member states continues to increase

Although the EU has established a relatively complete infectious disease response mechanism，But when facing the epidemic of new crown pneumonia，EU's infectious disease prevention and control system still looks stretched。Researcher of the European Reform Center proposed: "We must recognize the EU's initial crisis reaction is chaotic and lagging。"" Reflection of the inadequate of EU epidemic prevention，It is not difficult to find it，Not only is there any limitation of the EU infectious disease response mechanism，There is also a dilemma in its entire governance system。

First，Insufficient administrative power of the European Disease Prevention and Control Center。According to the "Decisions of Cross -border Health Threat"，In the infectious disease response mechanism，ECDC is monitoring、Central institutions for prevention and control，Affordable risk cognition、Evaluation and Management Mission。But in actual operation，ECDC is mainly played in risk cognition and evaluation phase。As for risk management，ECDC can not replace the activities of member states，There is no right to send an order to any institution。Settings of separation of science and technology from administrative power，Serious restrictions on ECDC's action effect。As far as the epidemic of new crown pneumonia is concerned，ECDC launched an epidemic evaluation work in early January 2020。In the report on February 14, 2020，ECDC accurately predicted，Once the new crown pneumonia epidemic spreads on the bet365 best casino games large scale in Europe，So the existing medical resources in Europe may not be able to bear the stress of the epidemic，It is recommended that countries to enhance the ability to respond。In the face of scientific majors, prevent and control suggestions，Governments of various countries have not adopted it in time。Therefore，Looking at it now，ECDC is the center of the EU infectious disease prevention and control network，But it is just a technical institution for information collection，Lack of real administrative power。

Next，Policy lag in the EU governance system to deal with emergencies。Infectious disease prevention and control is not just health problems，Instead, it involves a full range of governance mechanisms。Multi -layer governance is the main mode of EU governance，That is different behaviors in the body non -level system、Solving common action problems in non -concentrated formal and informal interactive mode。Although this model can take care of the interests of different acts，but also caused low efficiency of EU decision -making、Policy response and lag defects。In the prevention and control of the new crown pneumonia，Whether it is medical supplies deployment，Still the economic bailout plan，The response to the European Union mostly lags behind the changes in the situation of the epidemic。This kind of act similar to the "dead sheep replenish", of course, because the epidemic outbreak is too sudden due to the epidemic，But the deep reason is that the defect in the EU infectious disease treatment system。From the perspective of public health，Health policy is a multi -form、Complex policy areas，This cross -domain nature makes it restricted by other policy departments in many aspects，and the EU from different government levels、The governance system composed bet365 live casino games of overlapping agencies。In this system，EU once encountered a comprehensive crisis，In its governance structure, "the inherent system commands can not be compatible with each other，Can't be integrated by level "，Corresponding measures often lag behind the development of crisis。

Last，The predicament of the coordination of the common interests of the European Union and the national interests of member states。In recent years，Due to the increasing difficulty of coordination of member states，Some member states even withdraw from the EU、The momentum of returning to the sovereign country。This extreme phenomenon further enlarges the vulnerability of the EU，That is "its political resolution must rely on the members' compromise and voluntary execution，EU ... It is becoming more and more difficult to achieve the compromise of interests and values ​​"。From the perspective of the outbreak of the new crown pneumonia，See medical supplies、Close the chaos such as the border of the country to make the interests of the EU community and the conflict between the national interests of the member states revealed。The reason for this phenomenon is that the contradictions that are irreconcilable in national and European communities，It is also the unbalanced development of European integrated development that leads to the results of the differences in cooperation and willingness in various countries。

To sum up，EU since its establishment，Its infectious disease response mechanism has been continuously improved。But the complexity of the health policy and the regulations of the EU treaty，There are many shortcomings in this mechanism，EU also only plays the role of "coordinator"，Weaker prevention and control power。Under the impact of the new crown pneumonia，EU will inevitably bet365 best casino games repair the defects of the response mechanism of infectious diseases，Expand the jurisdiction of the European Union，and promote the integration continues to deepen。

(Author Unit: School of History of Nanjing University)