The COVID-19 epidemic brings challenges to global public health governance，Countries re-examine and improve their own infectious disease prevention and control mechanisms。For the bet365 free bets，Since integration，The infectious disease crisis has become a common challenge faced by member states and the bet365 free bets。Therefore，Preventing the threat of cross-border infectious diseases has always been an important issue in the bet365 free bets public health field，Corresponding to，Establishing a sound response mechanism has also become an indispensable part of the bet365 free bets governance system。

　　Three stages bet365 free bets formation of coping mechanisms

The bet365 free bets infectious disease response mechanism develops with the changes in the disease situation and the evolution of public health policies，The process is roughly divided into germination、Three stages of development and deepening。

budding stage。1993，The "Maastricht Treaty" mentions disease prevention and control issues，The bet365 free bets “should encourage cooperation among member states，and, where necessary, by supporting the actions of Member States，Contribute to ensuring a high level of human health protection”。About health permissions，The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union stipulates，“bet365 free bets actions mainly complement national policies”，“The responsibility of Member States in defining their health policies and in organizing and delivering health services and care should be respected”。In practice，Member states should coordinate health policies and plans with the European Commission，The European Commission can also take useful initiatives，In particular, develop guidelines，Promote this coordination。

　The end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century，The establishment of the bet365 free bets infectious disease response mechanism has gradually begun。1998，The bet365 free bets passes the resolution “On the establishment of a network for epidemiological surveillance and infectious disease control”，Standardize major infectious disease case definitions and surveillance methods，Enable national data to be better absorbed and understood by other member states。According to resolution，The bet365 free bets has established an Early Warning and Response System，Mainly when a potential infectious disease exists and spreads to other member states，Issue an early warning message to the bet365 free bets and member states，In order to take coordinated prevention and control measures。October 28, 2001，The bet365 free bets has established a Health Security Committee。This is an informal cooperation body composed of high-level representatives of the European Commission and member states，Responsible for coordinating specific measures on health security issues within the bet365 free bets。From the establishment of the European Union to the beginning of the 21st century，Although a supranational bet365 free bets infectious disease prevention and control mechanism has not yet been established，But strengthen information exchange、Strengthening coordinated response has become the basic consensus of member states，Laid a certain foundation for subsequent development。

Development stage。Enter the 21st century，As the risk of global infectious diseases continues to increase，European people are doubtful about the actual role of the bet365 free bets in the existing health system，The call for improving the infectious disease response mechanism is increasing day by day。

　For this purpose，December 2003，The bet365 free bets decides to establish the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control，hereinafter referred to as ECDC)。April 2004，ECDC was officially established in Stockholm，marks that the development of the bet365 free bets's infectious disease response mechanism has entered a new stage。ECDC is an independent bet365 free bets agency，Includes organizations such as the European Infectious Disease Network、Health agencies such as early warning and response systems，Showing a trend of centralization。2004-2013 is the development period of the bet365 free bets’s infectious disease response mechanism。The establishment of ECDC marks that the bet365 free bets has a central agency to respond to health emergencies，Strengthened the bet365 free bets’s infectious disease prevention and control capabilities。But it needs to be pointed out，This progress is mainly reflected in risk assessment，In terms of prevention and control measures of relevant member states，These bet365 free bets institutions are rarely involved in more politically significant risk management tasks。

Deepening stage。Entering the second decade of the 21st century，Although the incidence of infectious diseases in Europe remains stable or even shows a downward trend，But the E. coli epidemic in Germany、Ebola virus and others indicate that infectious disease threats can break out at any time。The changing epidemic situation requires the bet365 free bets to establish a more comprehensive health security framework。2013，The bet365 free bets adopts the Cross-Border Health Threat Decision，Implement it through legislation。The decision aims to “enhance the ability to prevent and control the cross-border spread of human diseases by supporting coordination and cooperation among Member States”。The Cross-Border Health Threats Decision is “an important step towards improving bet365 free bets health security and protecting citizens from various health threats”。It sets out the bet365 free bets’s operating model when dealing with cross-border infectious disease threats，Supplements the deficiencies of national policies in the field of infectious disease prevention and control。

　It is increasingly difficult to coordinate interests among bet365 free bets

Although the bet365 free bets has established a relatively complete infectious disease response mechanism，But in the face of the new coronavirus epidemic，The bet365 free bets infectious disease prevention and control system still appears to be stretched。Researcher from the Center for European Reform put forward: “We must admit that the bet365 free bets’s initial crisis response was chaotic and lagging。”Reflecting on the shortcomings of the bet365 free bets’s epidemic prevention，It’s not difficult for us to find，Not only are the bet365 free bets’s infectious disease response mechanisms limited，There are also difficulties in its entire governance system。

First，Insufficient administrative powers of the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control。According to the Cross-Border Health Threat Decision，In infectious disease response mechanism，ECDC is monitoring、Central agency for prevention and control，Understanding risk、Assessment and management tasks。But in actual operation，ECDC mainly plays a role in the risk recognition and assessment phase。As for risk management，ECDC cannot replace the activities of member states，Nor has the authority to issue orders to any agency。This kind of setting that separates science and technology from administrative power，Severely restricts ECDC’s operational effectiveness。In terms of the new coronavirus epidemic，ECDC started epidemic assessment work in early January 2020。In report on February 14, 2020，ECDC accurately predicted，Once the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic spreads on a large scale in Europe，Then the existing medical resources in Europe may not be able to bear the pressure of the epidemic，Recommended that all countries enhance their resilience。Facing scientific and professional prevention and control suggestions，Governments did not adopt it in time。Therefore，For now，ECDC is the center of the bet365 free bets infectious disease prevention and control network，But it is just a technical organization for information collection，Lack of real executive power。

Secondly，The policy lag in responding to sudden crises in the bet365 free bets governance system。Infectious disease prevention and control is not just a health issue，It involves a full range of governance mechanisms。Multi-layer governance is the main model of bet365 free bets governance，That is, different actors in a non-hierarchical system、Solving joint action problems in decentralized formal and informal interaction modes。Although this model can take into account the interests and demands of different actors，But it also results in lower efficiency of bet365 free bets decision-making、Defects such as delayed policy response。In the prevention and control of the new coronavirus epidemic，Whether it is the deployment of medical supplies，Still an economic bailout plan，The bet365 free bets’s response mostly lags behind changes in the epidemic situation。This kind of behavior that is similar to "making things right" is certainly due to the sudden outbreak of the epidemic，But the underlying reason lies in the flaws in the bet365 free bets’s infectious disease governance system。From a public health perspective，Health policy is a polymorphous one、Complex policy areas，This cross-cutting nature makes it constrained in many ways by other policy sectors，The bet365 free bets is composed of different levels of government、A governance system composed of overlapping institutions。In this system，Once the bet365 free bets encounters a comprehensive crisis，The “inherent system commands in its governance structure are incompatible with each other，Cannot be integrated by level”，Responsive measures often lag behind the development of the crisis。

Finally，The dilemma of coordinating the common interests of the bet365 free bets and the national interests of member states。In recent years，Due to the increasing difficulty in coordinating the interests of member states，Some member states are even exiting the bet365 free bets、The momentum of returning to a sovereign state。This extreme phenomenon further amplifies the bet365 free bets’s vulnerability，That is, “its political resolutions must rely on mutual compromise and voluntary implementation by members，And the bet365 free bets...it is increasingly difficult to achieve a compromise between interests and values"。From the perspective of the outbreak of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic，Seizure of medical supplies、Closing national borders and other chaos have exposed the conflict between the interests of the bet365 free bets community and the national interests of member states。The reason for this phenomenon is the irreconcilable contradiction between the nation-state and the European Community，It is also the result of the uneven development of European integration leading to differences in the ability and willingness of countries to cooperate。

In summary，European Union since its establishment，The infectious disease response mechanism has been developing and improving。But limited by the complexity of health policy and the provisions of bet365 free bets treaties，This mechanism has many shortcomings，The bet365 free bets only plays the role of "coordinator"，Prevention and control power is relatively weak。Under the impact of the new coronavirus epidemic，The bet365 free bets will inevitably repair the flaws in its infectious disease response mechanism，Expanding the jurisdiction of bet365 free bets institutions，And promote further integration。

(Author’s affiliation: School of History, Nanjing University)