Consumer finance refers to a modern financial service method that consumers with financial products and financial services to all levels of the society。Consumer finance can effectively promote the high -quality development of the national economy，Stimulating consumers' duration consumption，Guide consumers to change traditional consumption concepts，Provide intelligentization for long -tail customers (generally referred to as small customers)、Personalized financial services。Discuss different types of consumer financial regulatory models in the world，Can effectively prevent financial market risks，Promoting the sustainable development of the financial market。

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The United States is the earliest country with consumer finance，early 20th century，Molis Bank took the lead in carrying out consumer loan business，It marks that the United States officially opened the era of consumer finance。to the 1950s，To restore the post -war economy，The United States vigorously develops consumer credit，Gradually exposed the high debt rate in the 1960s、Excessive credit and other problems。After adjusting and innovating the consumer credit market，Consumption finance in the United States is gradually mature，Show the marketization of a credit system、Reasonableization of regulatory framework、Participate in the diversification of the subject and the risk control systemization。

In terms of credit system，The United States is mainly based on market -leading models，Credit business through professional credit reporting companies，The government plays the role of legislation and supervision。The personal credit information of the American people is mainly EXPERIAN、Equifax、Transunion three major credit reporting agencies collect and integrate，bet365 Play online games They also conduct differentiated competition while cooperating，Not only can it cover all aspects of consumer finance，Make sure the comprehensive credit reporting data，also formed a market -oriented incentive mechanism，Promoting technology research and development and innovation，Effectively ensure the smooth development of the US consumer financial business。In terms of breach of contract，Based on the legal terms of the government's clear dishonesty behavior，Public disclosure of dishonesty by society and the media，Supervise the dishonesty behavior from the law and morality，Reduce credit risk。

While paying attention to the construction of the credit system，The United States also pays attention to credit supervision and protection of consumers。After the financial crisis in 2008，Consumer Financial Supervision in the United States from the Federation、State Government、The "double -layer multi -headed" financial regulatory system coexisted by multiple regulators has gradually transformed into a regulatory framework centered on the Federal Reserve，Reduction of regulatory overlapping and regulatory vacuum problems。In October 2009, the Financial Services Committee of the House of Representatives of the House of Representatives approved the establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Agency，And in July of the following year, the "Dodge -Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Law", which was more stringent regulatory standards in July of the following year，Reconstruction of the financial regulatory structure，Highlight the main position of the central bank's systemic risk management。In recent years，US regulatory agencies draw on the "sandbox supervision" system，Take a relatively flexible supervision method for the credit platform，Contains risk breeding while encouraging innovation，and requiring the platform agency to report the data usage regularly，Strengthen the protection of consumers，Further maintaining the legitimate rights and interests of consumers。

bet365 live casino games In terms of participating subjects，The American consumer finance industry has gradually formed commercial banks、Finance Company、Credit Technology Platform and non -bank financial institutions and other diverse patterns。The largest share in the US consumer finance market is commercial banks，It relies on a good image、A strong retail customer base and convenient network branch，Use new technical means to promote credit products。Followed by finance company，It has strong professionalism in operating consumer credit business，And more loose legal supervision，Continuously grow in the process of carrying out extensive cooperation with other financial institutions。and the credit technology platform with its light assets、The innovation of alternative data and the scarcity of industry targets have achieved rapid development in the consumer financial market。The diversified market pattern is allowed to compete while allowing competition，It has also continued to produce professionalism、Diversified consumer credit products。To improve risk control capabilities，The US Financial Stability Supervision Committee also establishes a systematic risk prediction model and quantitative risk scoring system for customers，According to the actual risk prediction model and scoring system application,，Correction and improvement of it，Make full use of Internet technology，Establish a multi -dimensional risk control information sharing platform，Common management and control of the joint group composed of different departments。

　　Risk prevention and control policy and prudent supervision

Europe is the second largest consumer finance center in the world，Macro macro、micro -prudential framework，Formed government prudent supervision、Regulatory system combined with self -discipline supervision of the industry association。In terms of government supervision，The European Systems Risk Committee Based on the current development of Internet finance, cautious supervision of Internet finance of various member states，Internet financial bet365 live casino games corporate licenses are uniformly distributed by the European Central Bank。In terms of self -discipline supervision of industry associations，Most countries in Europe insist on operating transparency and due diligence，Strict supervision of industry members，Guidance specification operation。The Association is also a liaison at the same time，Communicate the members and customers、Government and other financial organizations。Industry self -discipline organizations and the government have cooperated in all aspects，In -depth grasp of the development trend of consumer finance、Determine interest rates and other terms。，Members of the Association can also be guided by the industry association in consumer finance specifications，Ensure that the government's laws and regulations are in line with the government。

The development of the European consumer finance industry is mainly commercial banks，Along with a large number of consumer finance companies, it is constantly emerging、getting mature，filled the vacancy in the credit market，Further improved the consumer finance market。The two largest consumer finance companies in Europe are the Cetelem (Cetelem) and the Czech PPF Group owned by the Bank of Paris Group.，Its users mainly include the working class、Young family, etc.，It also covers students、Young people who have just entered the society，Its consumer credit mainly flows to member card、Durable consumer goods and residential decoration。

During the development of consumer finance，Most countries in Europe have built a relatively comprehensive social credit management system，provided strong support for the rapid development of the industry。Take Britain as an example，In the British credit reporting system，Leading legislation by the government，Public credit reporting mode，Get credit data for market -oriented channels。The British "Consumer Credit Law" and the Data Protection Act are set up for the protection of personal credit information for consumers，Obtain user license through credit information、Personal information Bet365 lotto review uses multiple measures and other measures to ensure the security of the credit reporting system。

Construction of the credit reporting system，European consumer finance companies have also continued to improve in terms of risk prevention and control capabilities。European consumer finance companies are mostly comprehensive models，Very importance to the risk management of the full life cycle of the company's loan。Policy formulation and credit product design，Real -time approval and continuous monitoring of customer loans，Strengthen cooperation with insurance companies，Reduce your own credit risk，Guarantee the rights and interests of consumers and companies。Commercial banks and consumer finance companies have higher risk prevention and control capabilities，Under the common action of the government and the industry，The European consumer finance market is gradually moving towards stability、Regulating direction development。

Except for experience in the United States and Europe，Consumption financial policies in other countries are also worthy of our discussion。Japanese model focuses on deepening consumer finance at the institutional level，Including the introduction of the "Investment Law", "Loan Industry Law", and "Instant Payment Sales Law" and other laws and regulations，Among them, the Loan Industry Law strictly strictly stipulates the total loan interest and total credit，Fully guarantee the interests of market participants; adopt a member credit reporting system and a relatively loose credit review model;。South Korea uses the Bank of Korea Federation (KFB) and major profit credit agency platforms to realize the uploading and sharing of credit data，Formulate the "Mandatory Credit Card" system，Strictly strictly stipulates the basic conditions of credit card issuers，Divide the Nine Credit Levels according to the user credit，Therefore, strict supervision of the consumer finance industry。India Promoting AADHAAR Plan，Collect fingerprints for domestic residents、iris and other information，Provide an exclusive ID Bet365 app download number binding mobile phone and bank account，Establish a biometric database，Improve the risk control capabilities of the consumer finance industry。Indonesia's Financial Supervision Administration (OJK) conducts strict supervision and filing registration of consumer credit companies，Incorporate credit reporting business into the regulatory system，It laid the foundation for industry compliance development。

　Promote the standardized development of my country's financial consumption

my country should formulate measures that are suitable for national conditions based on the domestic consumer finance development model。In terms of policy，The regulatory agency shall focus on the systemic risk brought by the high -speed expansion of consumer finance，Introduction of standardized documents，Build a comprehensive and standardized regulatory framework，Prevent supervision arbitrage、Vicious competition、Financial risks such as breach of contract，Promoting the business model of the consumer finance industry to transform and upgrade，Continue to accelerate the introduction of laws and regulations on information security protection，Guide corporate compliance operation，Increase the protection of consumer rights and interests。In terms of credit system construction，To establish a multi -level credit reporting system，Design personal credit model，Relying on fintech、Internet finance，Promote the construction of a digital credit reporting system，Consumption of credit platforms and credit reporting agencies，Build a comprehensive information sharing platform，Support the development of consumer finance。At the level of industry construction，The consumer finance industry should improve the risk control system，Establish a mature risk control model; deepen industry cooperation，Efficient integration development; exploration differentiated competition，Enhance the core competitiveness; strengthen data protection，Enhance customer trust; extend business chain，Build a comprehensive business mode。At the government level，It is necessary Bet365 app download to focus on improving the disposable income of residents' expectations，Enhance consumer consumption willingness，Construct a diversified supply system，Provide convenient financing channels，Promoting consumer finance to standardization、Healthy、The direction of inclusiveness。

(Author Unit: China Institute of Finance, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics; School of Finance and Taxation, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics; School of Economics, Hangzhou Normal University)