Early Sinology text is an important window for China -Europe culture to understand each other，It is also the key field of civilized communication。Where，Missionary born in Italy、Sinologist Domingo Fernández de Navarrete， 1610-1689) "History of Chinese Dynasties published in China more than ten years later、Politics、Ethics and Religious Theory "，Once when it comes, it has attracted the attention from the European ideological world。The description of the agricultural situation in this work shows the way Europeans understand Chinese society in the 17th century。

　　Bet365 app download Go to self -cultivation farmers

"History of the Chinese Dynasty、Politics、Ethics and Religious Theory "Published in 1676，A total of 7 volumes，Among them, the record -related records mainly appear in Chapter 2 and 1，Introduce taxis in Chinese society、Farmers、Gong、Four major groups，Expand the key depiction of "farm"。

In the book，Min Ming, I introduced: "The number of Chinese farmers is huge，Order of agricultural operation。Farmers' status is higher than that of businessmen and workers。"He also describes the situation of rural China in words such as" abundant yield "," vast land "," rich land "and" rich life "。In a description of Chinese agricultural knowledge，Min Ming I chose to translate China ’s“ farm ” as the word“ labrador ”。But the term "labrador" is not completely consistent with the category of the replaces in the "farmer"，Min Ming's translation although this translation method reflects its unique understanding of Chinese Bet365 lotto review Bet365 lotto review society at that time，but also caused the concept migration of "farmers" in Chinese and Western exchanges。

According to the interpretation of the Royal School of Language in Spain，"LABRADOR", the meaning of a Western word vocabulary, is "those who have land and cultivate for themselves"，meaning "self -cultivation farmer"。In modern Spanish，When mentioning "farmers"，The usual words are "CAMPESINO"，means "Life、People who work in the fields "。The scope of the latter is greater than the former，That is, "CAMPESINO" (CAMPESINO) should include other farmers categories such as Labrador and Arrendatario, which are farmers who have land。Visible，Min Ming I chose to refer to China's "farm" with "Labrador"，Is a misunderstanding of this concept、Limited and migration。

Min Ming's limitation on "Farmers" can be confirmed by more descriptions in its works。In his record，The information about farmers is often hidden in the depiction of specific agriculture。In Min Ming, I look，Agriculture constitutes the primary prerequisite for the operation of all aspects of Chinese society: "All livelihoods are being planted farmland -when it is harvested，Farmers want to go up the mountain to log in、Tori Vegetable Garden、Harvest reed straw，never clear。"He immediately introduced three crops planted on the land，That is rice、Beans、Wheat，and after the crop matures，Farmers will sell food for sale，In exchange for salary firewood、Oil and vegetables。This kind of description provides another evidence for confirming that Min Ming I am equivalent to "farmers" and "self -cultivation farmers"。From this，"Self -cultivation farmers" as the owner of the land became a representative Bet365 app download of Chinese farmers in bet365 live casino games Min Ming，Eliminates other farmers such as farmers in the concept of "farmers"。

　　Geographical"Misunderstanding" of Time Features

Why does Min Ming have such a "biased understanding"? This is related to his source of information。As a European missionary in the 17th century，Min Ming's source of information mainly includes information related to China published in Europe、The public classics that have been collected in the city during the period of China，and his field seeing。

From its description of the "Scholars" in the "Four people"，Min Ming, my understanding of "farming" should not be taken from the pre -Qin classic。In its work，Min Ming, I translate "Shi" into "Letrado"，In the concept of Guan Zhong, the concept of the concept of the "Four people"，"Shi" is actually "the power of the brave stocks，Show "Samurai"。The "Shi" in the initial "Four People" did not directly draw an equal number with the "literati"，Instead of stabilizing society in later generations、Conceptual changes occurred during the rise of the knowledge class。Min Ming I translate the "scholar" as "literati" (not "soldier").，It is revealed that his understanding of the "Four people" is likely not to come from the pre -Qin classics。other，Considering that there is no detailed related writing in the previous European works in the same period，It can be judged that Min Ming's "Four people" knowledge should be mainly from the humanistic style of the humanity that it has been in China，His understanding of "farmers" is also related to the region and environment he is located。

In its work，Min Ming I mentioned rice、Soya、Wheat，He also wrote: "Rice is grown in water。"This proves that Min Ming I see rice instead bet365 Play online games of drought rice，and "Harvest twice a year，June and Bet365 app download December "" Chinese farmland never retreats "，This can be seen，It describes the situation of warm climate in southern China。From historical materials and related studies, you can find it，In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty，Min Ming I have lived for a long time in Zhejiang.。"The development trend of self -cultivation farmers，If you look at it from a dynasty，Early period，Small in the middle and late stages，Added more after changing the dynasty。"Min Ming I am in China during the" change of dynasties "，A more significant regional activity in the land privately，This has made him understand the deviation of China's "farm"，The scope of the concept of this concept is not small.。British historian Peter Berke refers to such phenomena as "cultural mistakes"，That is, the "Language Correspondence" activity is not fully accurate when there is a biased bias for the cultural existence of others。In Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges，"Cultural Mistake Translation" was once a more prominent problem。Min Ming My misunderstanding、Mistake translation also reflects strong regional and time -like characteristics，That is, the content in the book can often be used only to understand what the author saw at the area at that time，instead of levy or verify the knowledge obtained after the original classics。

　"Misunderstanding" is related to the social status of Spain

Misunderstanding of "Farm" does not affect Min Ming's praise of China's agricultural system。At the beginning of the "Farmer and Agriculture" section，Min Ming, I will introduce，"The Chinese emperor shines as much as possible for farmers，Because they are their bet365 best casino games labor -supported nationwide "," So far in China still retain a ritual，It is Bet365 app download the emperor walking out of the palace with his children，Go to the soil for cultivation in person "。He also thinks，This ritual should be introduced in Europe，so that the nobles know the hard work of the people，Pay attention to agriculture。To further prove China's support for agriculture，He also told the Emperor Hanwen for levy tax、Story of persuasion farmers。

At that time, Spain had more serious problems in the agricultural field: apologize for cultivated land，Animal Husbandry、Land for church、The noble's hunting ground occupied most of the land，The strict policies of the religious referee caused a large number of agricultural population loss。One of the main reasons for these problems is that Spain puts most of manpower into overseas battle and trade。Start from this background，We can also understand、Analysis of Min Ming I limited the psychological cause of "farmers" as "self -cultivation farmers"。Min Ming I advocate importance to agriculture，Not in favor of the development of overseas trade and ignore domestic agricultural production，"Employing farmers", "Farmers", "Farm Lord" and other groups, although they also conduct agricultural labor，Compared with "self -cultivation farmers", one more layer of commodity employment relationship。Min Ming I "cover" the identity of these groups，Whether it is intentional or unintentional，all reached the effect of excluding business factors in "farm" and returning to the original meaning of "farming"。The embodiment behind this，In fact, it is the reflection of European scholars' reflection on the relationship between early modern society bet365 Play online games and businessmen in the big sailing activity。Min Ming I proposed that the bet365 live casino games "heavy agriculture" proposed by me was borrowed by later French agricultural school scholars，Even his understanding of the "farm" group's understanding of the Chinese "farm" group was passed down through the literal translation from "Labrador" to "Laboureur"。It can be said，Early modern European text records for Chinese society，To a certain extent is a civilized dialogue on "land issues"。

To sum up，Min Ming I am in "History of Chinese Dynasty、Politics、Ethics and Religious Theory "The agricultural situation of China in the 17th century in the 17th century in detail。The translation of his "farmers" in the "four people" society in China reflects the unique attention of the self -cultivated farmers group，This is related to its agricultural characteristics in the region where China is located，4574_4603。

Some scholars think，15、The intersection of 16th century is the origin stage of globalization，It is also Chinese culture、Academic Thoughts for the first time to be introduced into Europe for the first time。Writing by Min Ming's agricultural knowledge，The agricultural situation and agricultural policy of ancient China was officially introduced to Europe，and become a model of national governance in a long time since then。Ancient China was praised by Europeans for the prosperity of agriculture，"If Europe follows the practice of China，Many disasters can be avoided "。and now，Agricultural development is still an important reference item for measuring the national development level，It is also one of the key eyes of civilized communication and mutual learning，More complicated today、Diverse international environment，In the process of telling Chinese stories，Do a good job of writing "farm"，Still is a question we bet365 Play online games need to pay attention to。

(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​of Sichuan University)