Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties，International Chinese textbooks have a prominent feature，That is, the text is mainly based on ancient Chinese classic literature，and have a clear relationship with its source text。These textbooks are rooted in the fertile soil of ancient Chinese classic literature，Showing a lively Chinese social custom scroll with a living color，Their dissemination and use help the world to be more authentic、Three -dimensional ways to understand China and Chinese culture，Make ancient Chinese classic literature effectively spread and have a profound impact，Play an important role in the communication and communication overseas Chinese culture。

　bet365 Play online games

Cancer of ancient Chinese novels and opera，The plot in the novel is adapted to the phenomenon of the phenomenon of the plot of opera works or in the opera.，Excellent opera works can often be spread in the form of story text。International Chinese textbooks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties include many popular novels and opera works，The writers of these textbooks will not only use the official talks of the time to adapt related works，and often translate the source text，Therefore, the relevant textbooks have also gained relatively independent text value and artistic achievements，At the same time, it reflects the differences and evolution process of the official dialect of the north and the south in a certain sense。

The selection of vernacular short stories edited by the old man in the Ming Dynasty Haojiao, the selection of "Ancient Wonders" was included in a number of Chinese textbooks，Including French Sinologist Dai Suiliang's "Getting Started by Chinese"、"Chinese Cultural bet365 best casino games Course" by Sinologist in Italy。Qing Dynasty novelist Pu Songling's classical Chinese short story collection "Liao Zhai Zhi Yi" has also been adapted from many times in Chinese textbooks，For example，Dai Suiliang's "Getting Started Chinese" and "Modern Chinese Folk Story Collection"、British Sinologist Xitu "Chinese English Yijin Catch"、Swedish sinologist Gao Benhan's "Beijing Dialogue Reading"、"Pickup Dacheng" by Sinicist Wei Sanfu。Dai Suiliang's "Chinese Getting Started" and "Park Tongshi" also included in the adaptation of "Journey to the West"。

Similarly，The opera works of Chinese textbooks income after being adapted are not a minority。For example，"The West Chamber" by British missionary Marizon's "Chinese Session and Fan"、"Chinese Culture Course" by Ya De、British Sinologist Weirima's "Language Self -Collection · Practice Treaty" and other adaptations and include。Yuan Zi Drama "Killing Dogs and Persuasion" was adapted and included in the well -known Chinese language translator of the Lee's Korean period、Scholar Li Bian's "Training World" and "Chinese Culture Course" by Ji De。Ming Miscellaneous Drama "Woodlun Complete Preparation" was adapted into the Li's North Korean textbook "New Editorial Customs, Customs, and Woodlun, Woodlun Complete" and "Woodlun Full Proverb"。

Verse as a traditional culture，Ancient Chinese novels and opera works contain unique cultural psychology，It reflects the profound cultural heritage and cultural connotation，There are many ways to translate its overseas translation，Adapted into textbooks is a more unique one。During the adaptation process，Reconstruction of the relevant scholars of the domain foreign -based external restructuring of the plot and content of the opera，Create a Chinese textbook suitable for the local context bet365 live casino games at that time。Through these textbooks，Chinese novels and opera works have interacted with local culture，and vomit new in this process，Get development，showing some new cultural elements。Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties，Chinese textbook editor outside the territory is adapted when adapted Chinese novels and opera works，Most focus on changes in teaching content，Pay more attention to the judgment of representative official words。They rewritten ancient vernacular novels and opera with standard officials that were passing at the time，Strive to reflect the practicality and vitality of the language，In vernacular、The understanding and use of the official dialect shows a certain degree of advancement and creativity，Study the Chinese textbooks written by it or help us re -examine the development and change of official talks。

　Optimized according to the needs of the times

In the history of Chinese education，Some successful international Chinese textbooks can often be used in longer historical spans and are continuously optimized。Editorial vocabulary and grammar through updating the textbook，Make it in line with the development and change of the times，Discovery elements that fits the spiritual characteristics of the time，Give full play to the teaching value and influence of textbooks。

"Old Beggar" is a Chinese textbook written by Beijing dialect in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty，It has been widely used for a long time on the Korean Peninsula。The full text of the dialogue，recorded a process of several Korean businessmen who departed from their hometown to major places to engage in trading activities，Content involved travel、Commodity transaction、Contract、Medicine、Drinking Banquet and other aspects。According to research，The oldest one of the series of "Old Beggar" series of textbooks- "Originally Beggar" is not later than 1346，Reflecting bet365 Play online games the system of the Yuan Dynasty、Customs and language habits。other，The adaptation of "Old Beggar" in different historical periods also has "Translated Lao Beggar" (1507-1517)、"Old Beggar Proverb" (Around 1670)、"Old Begging Da Shinzi" (1761)、"Re -publishing Old Beggar Solution" (1795)。"Old Beggar" series of textbooks are the longest -used Chinese session textbooks on the Korean Peninsula，series of text time span is large，In order to make the text language conform to "Shi Yu"，During the period, it was repeatedly adapted，At the same time, it also retains the original Chinese appearance of the Yuan and Qing Dynasties，Is a precious language、History and cultural research information。

Japanese Embassy Student Wu Qitai、The "Guide to the Mandarin" created by Zheng Yongbang (1881) was not only an essential textbook for Japanese personnel in China at that time，and an important impact on Japanese teaching in Japan，More than 40 different versions in Japan before 1945。This textbook also has a variety of dialect adaptations，Southern Mandarin、Shanghai and Cantonese adaptation This reflects the different needs of Chinese learners at that time。

Wichma's "Language Self -Collection" is passed on to Japan and the Korean Peninsula，Local Chinese learners out of their own learning needs，imitates it in succession、Adapted，Forms a series of textbooks for the "Language Self -Collection" series，Specific Japanese "Asian Asian Collection", "General Translation of Asian Symbols", "Removal of Asian Words", "Self -Collection of Qing Language Steel", "Solution in Chinese Questions and Answers", "Self -Collection Pingzhi Four Four Four Four Four "Sound Drives", "Beijing Official Dialect · Short -Language of Chinese Mandarin" and Korean scholar Song Xianzheng's "Complete Self -study Skin Nasar Integration", etc.。

These textbooks adapted bet365 Play online games and optimized in order to adapt to different teaching objects。First，"Old Beggar", "Language Self -Collection", "Guide to the Mandarin", etc.，Provides an important spoken language for the history of Beijing dialect。2，From the perspective of the writing of international Chinese textbooks，They always insist on the form of dialogue，Reflects the characteristics of the writing of spoken textbooks。third，From the perspective of cross -cultural communication，Related series of textbook content involves all aspects of Chinese social life，The successive publication of its adaptation books provides an important carrier for Chinese culture communication，Drays the responsibility of Chinese culture communication from the end of the 14th century to the beginning of the 20th century。fourth，The deletion of the content of the source text content during the adaptation of the textbook can reflect the cultural consciousness of the writer of the textbook，The content that does not meet its requirements will be consciously removed during the adaptation process。

，Manchu (or Mongolian) published by the Qing government and the Chinese -based Chinese -Chinese session textbooks in the form of Chinese translations have also attracted the attention of sinologists。Published in 1730 "Qingwen Enlightenment" is the Qing Dynasty circulating Guang、One of the Manchu textbooks with many versions，French sinologist Rulian taught Chinese at French Public College，The second volume of "The Enlightenment of Qingwen" is used as a long -term use of Chinese textbooks，and reorganize the Chinese in this part，Published "Daily Oral Words" in 1863。1883，Italian scholar Joevani Huffman wrote "The Summary of the Enlightenment of the Qingwen"，Although his original intention of writing this book is to use it as a Manchu textbook，bet365 Play online games But because the number of Chinese language examples used in the book，provided many conveniences for Europeans to learn Chinese，So some learners are also regarded as Chinese textbooks。

Human behavior to convey meaning with the help of symbols is an important part of culture，Ancient literature carefully recorded the social life style and customs of Chinese social life，Novel、Opera、Full (Mongolian) Hanhei Literature、Textbooks have established positive contact between language symbols and cultural communication。At the technical level，Compiler Make significance with the Chinese official speaking language of the Chinese official at that time，At the same time, it means to convey the meaning of the Chinese language by translating it; at the cultural level，Textbooks enable readers outside the domain to read China's popular cultural works，This is also the main reason we are focusing on the adaptation of Chinese classic literature。From a deeper point of view，Chinese textbooks as material medium，Taking the teaching process as the communication method，spread Chinese classic literature，can bring a series of dynamic chain effects。International Chinese textbooks that have been successfully adapted not only provide language learners with language、Basis of text understanding，and make textbook reading and teaching a way to spread overseas Chinese culture。Some textbooks were adapted and published again in later generations，Become an optimized Chinese textbook。This is the case，The spread of ancient Chinese classic literature on Chinese textbooks formed a mechanism of self -development，Provided more channels for Chinese Chinese learners。

(this article is the "double first -class" construction of Beijing Foreign Language University "Double First -class) Bet365 app download The iconic project" Modern International Chinese Text Materials Under the perspective of mutual text and the research on the spread of ancient Chinese classic literature "(2022SYL ZD048)

(Author Unit: School of Chinese Literature and Literature, Beijing University of Foreign Languages)