Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties，International bet365 new user promo textbooks have an outstanding feature，That is, the text is mainly based on ancient bet365 new user promo classics，and has an obvious intertextual relationship with its source text。These teaching materials are rooted in the fertile soil of ancient bet365 new user promo classics，Displays vivid pictures of bet365 new user promo social customs，Their dissemination and use help the world become more real、Understand China and bet365 new user promo culture in a three-dimensional way，Enables the effective dissemination of ancient bet365 new user promo classics and has a profound impact，Played an important role in the overseas spread and exchange of bet365 new user promo culture。

　Adaptation of ancient bet365 new user promo novels and operas

Ancient bet365 new user promo novels and opera are closely related，It is not uncommon for plots in novels to be adapted into opera works or plots in operas to be re-created into novels，Excellent opera works can often be disseminated in the form of story texts。International bet365 new user promo textbooks during the Ming and Qing Dynasties included many popular novels and opera works，The writers of these textbooks not only adapted the relevant works using the Mandarin that was popular at the time，And often the source text is translated，Therefore, the relevant adapted textbooks have also gained relatively independent textual value and artistic achievements，At the same time, it reflects the differences and evolution process of Mandarin between the north and the south in a certain sense。

The collection of vernacular short stories "Wonderful Views of Modern and Ancient Times" compiled by the old man Baoweng in the Ming Dynasty has been included in many bet365 new user promo textbooks，Including "Introduction to bet365 new user promo" by French sinologist Dai Suiliang、"bet365 new user promo Culture Tutorial" by Italian sinologist Chao Deli, etc.。The collection of classical bet365 new user promo short stories "Strange Stories from a bet365 new user promo Studio" by Qing Dynasty novelist Pu Songling has also been adapted many times and included in bet365 new user promo textbooks，For example，"Introduction to bet365 new user promo" and "Collection of Modern bet365 new user promo Folk Stories" by Dai Suiliang、"bet365 new user promo and English Yijintai" by Xi Zaiming, a British sinologist、"Beijing Dialect Phonetic Reader" by Swedish sinologist Kobenhan、"Ten Level Dacheng" by American sinologist Wei Sanwei, etc.。Dai Suiliang's "Introduction to bet365 new user promo" and "Pu Tongshi" are also included in the adapted "Journey to the West"。

Same，There are also many opera works that have been adapted and included in bet365 new user promo textbooks。For example，"The Romance of the West Chamber" was published by the British missionary Morrison's "bet365 new user promo Conversation and Examples"、"bet365 new user promo Culture Tutorial" by Chao Deli、Adapted and included in the "Language Collection·Jianyue Biography" by British sinologist William Wade。The Yuan drama "Killing Dogs and Persuading Husbands" was adapted and included in the famous bet365 new user promo literature translator of the Joseon Dynasty, Li Shi、In scholar Li Bian's "Execution of the World" and Chao Deli's "bet365 new user promo Culture Tutorial"。The Ming Dynasty drama "Oulun Quanbeiji" was adapted into Lee's Joseon Dynasty textbook "New Edition of Guanghua Customs and Southern Yaqu Oulunquanbiji" and "Oulunquanbei Proverbs"。

As a carrier of traditional culture，Ancient bet365 new user promo novels and operas contain unique cultural psychology，Reflects profound cultural heritage and cultural connotation，There are many ways of overseas translation，Being adapted into a textbook is a unique one。In the process of adaptation，Relevant scholars from abroad reconstruct a new chapter by adapting the plots and contents of novels and operas，Create bet365 new user promo teaching materials suitable for the local context at that time。Through these teaching materials，bet365 new user promo novels and opera works interact with local culture，And in the process, we learn from the old and adopt the new，Get development，Shows some new cultural elements。Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties，When editors of overseas bet365 new user promo textbooks adapt bet365 new user promo novels and opera works，Focus more on changes in teaching content，Pay more attention to the judgment of representative Mandarin。They rewrote ancient vernacular novels and operas in the standard Mandarin that was popular at the time，Strive to reflect the practicality and vitality of language，In dialogue、Showing a certain degree of advancement and creativity in the understanding and application of Mandarin，Studying the bet365 new user promo textbooks written by him may help us re-examine the development and transformation process of Mandarin。

　Optimize according to the needs of the times and environment

In the history of bet365 new user promo education in the world，Some successful international bet365 new user promo teaching materials can often be used and continuously optimized over a long historical span。The editor updated the vocabulary and grammar in the textbook，Make it consistent with the development and changes of the times，Discover elements that fit the spiritual characteristics of the time，Giving full play to the teaching value and influence of textbooks。

"Lao Qida" is a bet365 new user promo textbook written with the standard pronunciation of Beijing dialect in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties，Widely used in the Korean Peninsula for a long time。The full text is in dialogue form，Records the process of several North Korean businessmen traveling together from their hometown to Dadu and other places to engage in trading activities，Content related to travel、Commodity Trading、Contract、Medicine、Drinking banquets, etc.。According to research，The oldest textbook in the "Original Beggar" series - "Original Beggar" was written no later than 1346，Reflecting the system of the Yuan Dynasty、Customs and language habits。In addition，The adaptations of "Lao Qida" in different historical periods include "Translation of Lao Qida" (1507-1517)、"Explanation of the Old Beggar's Proverb" (around 1670)、"New Interpretation of Lao Qida" (1761)、"Reprint of the Explanation of the Old Beggar's Proverbs" (1795)。The "Lao Qida" series of textbooks is the longest-used bet365 new user promo conversation textbook on the Korean Peninsula，The series of texts has a large time span，In order to make the text language conform to "Shiyu"，It has been adapted many times during the period，At the same time, it also retains the original appearance of the bet365 new user promo language from the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties，It is a precious language、History and cultural research materials。

Wu Qita, student translator at the Japanese Embassy in Beijing、The "Mandarin Guide" (1881) created by Zheng Yongbang was not only a necessary textbook for Japanese personnel in China to learn Beijing dialect at that time，And it has had an important impact on bet365 new user promo teaching in Japan，More than 40 different versions were released in Japan before 1945。This textbook also has multiple dialect adaptations，Southern Mandarin、The Shanghainese and Cantonese adaptations reflect the different needs of bet365 new user promo language learners at that time。

After Waitoma's "Language from the Collection" spread to Japan and the Korean Peninsula，Local bet365 new user promo learners are motivated by their own learning needs，Imitate them one after another、Adapted，The "Language Self-Reflection Collection" series of teaching materials was formed，Specifically includes Japan's "Collection of Asian Languages", "Collection of General Translations of Asian Languages", "Updated Collection of Asian Languages", "Silver Collection of Qingyu Ladder Languages", "Japanese Interpretation of bet365 new user promo Questions and Answers", "Ziruji Pinghe 4" "Sound Lian Zhu", "Beijing Mandarin·Shortcuts to Learning Mandarin in the Qing Dynasty" and Korean scholar Song Xianshi's "Self-Study Complete bet365 new user promo Language Collection", etc.。

These textbooks adapted and optimized to adapt to different teaching objects have common characteristics。First，"Lao Qida", "Language Ziyouji", "Mandarin Guide", etc. are all Beijing dialect textbooks，Provides important spoken corpus for historical research on Beijing dialect。Second，From the perspective of international bet365 new user promo textbook compilation，They always adhere to the form of dialogue，Reflects the characteristics of writing oral language teaching materials。Third，From the perspective of cross-cultural communication，The related series of teaching materials cover all aspects of bet365 new user promo social life，The successive publication of its adaptations provides an important carrier for the dissemination of bet365 new user promo culture，Assume the responsibility of spreading bet365 new user promo culture from the end of the 14th century to the beginning of the 20th century。Fourth，The deletion and modification of the source text content in the process of adapting textbooks can reflect the cultural awareness of the textbook writers，Contents that do not meet its requirements will be consciously eliminated during the adaptation process。

In addition，The Manchu (Mongolian) and bet365 new user promo combined conversation textbooks published by the Qing government in the form of translation between Manchu (or Mongolian) and bet365 new user promo have also attracted the attention of sinologists。"Qingwen Enlightenment" published in 1730 was widely circulated in the Qing Dynasty、One of the Manchu textbooks with many editions，French sinologist Julien was teaching bet365 new user promo at the Collège de France，Use the second volume of "Qingwen Enlightenment" "Han Manchu Idioms" as a bet365 new user promo teaching material for a long time，And rearrange the bet365 new user promo of this part，Published "Everyday Spoken Words" in 1863。1883，Italian scholar Giovanni Hoffmann compiled "Grammar Summary of "Qingwen Enlightenment"，Although his original intention of writing this book was to use it as a Manchu language teaching material，But because the book uses a large number of bet365 new user promo examples，Provides many conveniences for Europeans to learn bet365 new user promo，So it is also regarded as a bet365 new user promo teaching material by some learners。

Human behavior that uses symbols to convey meaning is an important part of culture，Ancient documents carefully and vividly record China’s social life style and customs，Novel、opera、Manchu (Mongolian) and Han Dynasty documents、The textbook establishes a positive connection between language symbols and cultural transmission。On a technical level，The compiler stated the meaning in Mandarin bet365 new user promo that conformed to the standards of the time，At the same time, the meaning is transformed by translating it into the native language；On a cultural level，Textbooks enable overseas readers to read bet365 new user promo popular cultural works，This is also the main reason why we pay attention to the adaptation of bet365 new user promo classic documents。From a deeper perspective，Using bet365 new user promo textbooks as material media，Take the teaching process as the communication method，Spread bet365 new user promo classic literature，Can bring about a series of dynamic chain effects。Successfully adapted international bet365 new user promo textbooks not only provide language learners with language、Basics of text understanding，And make textbook reading and teaching a way to spread bet365 new user promo culture overseas。Some textbooks were adapted and published again in later generations，Become an optimized bet365 new user promo textbook。This way，The dissemination of ancient bet365 new user promo classics by international bet365 new user promo textbooks has formed a self-development mechanism，Provide foreign bet365 new user promo learners with more channels to understand China。

(This article is a phased result of the major (point) landmark project of Beijing Foreign Studies University's "Double First-Class" construction "Research on the Adaptation of Modern International bet365 new user promo Textbooks and the Dissemination of Ancient bet365 new user promo Classic Documents from an Intertextual Perspective" (2022SYL ZD048)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 new user promo Language and Literature, Beijing Foreign Studies University)