The e-commerce platform provides enterprises or individuals with a virtual space to carry out business activities on the Internet and a management environment to ensure the smooth progress of business activities，It is coordination、Integrated information flow、Goods Logistics、Fund flow，And bring order to it、Associated、An important place for efficient flow。In recent years，Rapid development of e-commerce platform，Became a new booster of economic development，But it also brings some new problems and challenges。For this，Major Western economies have carried out a series of legislation and continued exploration in the supervision of bet365 promo codes。

　　EU: Pay attention to antitrust and consumer bet365 promo codes

The EU attaches greater importance to antitrust legislation in the field of bet365 promo codes as well as consumer rights and privacy protection。June 2000，The European Union promulgated the "bet365 promo codes Directive"，Since then, a series of laws and regulations involving data management and privacy protection have been introduced, including the "EU Patent System" and "Electronic Privacy Directive"，Expect legislation to demarcate “digital gatekeepers”，Establish a series of specific obligations and fully regulate them。The European Commission proposed two bills, the "Digital Market Act" (hereinafter referred to as the "Market Act") and the "Digital Services Act" (hereinafter referred to as the "Services Act") in December 2020。March 2022，The European Council and the European Parliament reached an agreement on the above bill。July 2022，The European Parliament passed these two bills。These two bills will together constitute the EU’s “one body and two wings” of digital platform regulation and the core measures to create a “Europe adapted to the digital age”。

The "Services Bill" is regarded as a modernization of the EU's "E-Commerce Directive"，Mainly includes three core measures。First, protect the basic rights of consumers on bet365 promo codes。Provisions of the Service Act，bet365 promo codes should proactively review、Processing illegal content and counterfeit products，Minimize the risk of platform users being exposed to illegal content and fake and shoddy products，Protect their basic rights。The second is to clarify the specific obligations of bet365 promo codes，Improve platform transparency。The "Service Act" stipulates the scope of obligations that bet365 promo codes "should do" and "should not do"，Require it to adopt more scientific information algorithms and make all types of information algorithms public，Enhance operational transparency。The third is to further increase the supervision of bet365 promo codes。

The "Market Act" innovatively proposes the concept of "digital gatekeepers"。The so-called "digital gatekeepers" refer to those with strong influence on the EU market、Able to provide core bet365 promo codes services and important channels for enterprise users to contact end users、A bet365 promo codes that has long-lasting or is foreseeable to hold a solid position in the market。The "Market Act" targets key regulatory objects and clarifies key regulatory behaviors，Strictly restrict digital platforms that reach a certain scale to engage in unfair competition。

Overall，The EU is in the process of antitrust supervision of bet365 promo codes，In addition to considering traditional competitive factors，Also focus on the openness of data algorithms、Legitimacy of data content、The impact of factors such as the interactivity of data use and the protection of basic consumer rights on the order of market competition。

　　Germany: focus on key institutions and bet365 promo codes protection

Similar to the EU’s idea，Germany is also trying to circumvent the technical barriers and lagging drawbacks of traditional antitrust supervision through institutional innovation，Hopefully sooner、Intervening in unfair competition more effectively。The German Bundestag passed the "Tenth Amendment to the Law Against Restrictions on Competition" (hereinafter referred to as the "Tenth Amendment") in January 2021。This amendment is also known as the “Digital Competition Act”，It regards “the ability to obtain competition-related data” as an important evaluation factor，Emphasis on the key supervision of platform companies with the nature of intermediaries such as bet365 promo codes。The bill has three main highlights。

First, carry out special supervision on intermediaries。Cross-market competition is common in the Internet field，Many large platforms will be involved in different market areas，Closely related to various subjects。For example，Some social media platforms can also provide communication services，Able to provide shopping and payment services，The social attributes of the bet365 promo codes make it an effective promotion channel。At this time，The business strategies adopted by the bet365 promo codes may affect the competitive situation in related fields。The Tenth Amendment defines such intermediary bet365 promo codes companies as “operators with significant impact on cross-market competition”，Think it has strong abilities，Can transfer its own resources and advantages across different markets。The Tenth Amendment sets out standards for cross-market competitive status，Once an enterprise is recognized as an “operator with significant cross-market competitive influence”，will be supervised according to special rules，And the certification can be valid for up to 5 years。In addition，For institutions identified as “operators with significant impact on cross-market competition”，The German Federal Cartel Office can use the issuance of injunctions to conduct ex-ante supervision of specific restrictive acts of competition。However，The above-mentioned institutions can lodge complaints against measures taken by the Federal Cartel Office，The complaint will be directly accepted by the German Federal Supreme Court，To shorten the litigation period。

The second is to give full play to the important role of data in antitrust law enforcement。First，When assessing market position，Data is given the same importance as traditional indicators such as market share，Become the basic standard for measuring market dominance。Secondly，Explicit data can constitute necessary facilities，Once it constitutes a necessary facility，Platforms that control data may be required to make it available to platforms that rely on such data，Even if it has no precedent of trading such data resources。Again，Incorporating conduct that has traditionally fallen within the scope of data protection into abuse regulation，And it is stipulated that without the authorization of the user or third-party enterprise，Intermediaries are not allowed to merge and use data。This means，Even if data sharing occurs only within the intermediary，This behavior also requires user authorization。Finally，Focus on protecting the interoperability and data portability of bet365 promo codes platform products or services，Strive to ensure data security。

Third, merger and acquisition review focuses on large enterprises。The Tenth Amendment significantly raises the threshold for M&A transactions to trigger antitrust filing requirements，The antitrust administrative resources saved by the increase in filing thresholds are used to more strictly control the merger and acquisition activities of very large enterprises，In order to effectively supervise "killing mergers and acquisitions"。Specifically，The Tenth Amendment gives the German Federal Cartel Office greater regulatory initiative，Added obligations for large specific platform companies。This gives the Bureau the power to review all merger and acquisition activities of bet365 promo codes that are included in the scope of supervision，And apply lower reporting standards to it。

With the EU on scale、Compared with the concept of “digital gatekeeper” proposed based on traditional factors such as turnover，Germany’s concept of “operators with significant cross-market competitive influence” emphasizes the influence of bet365 promo codes companies in different relevant markets。At the same time，The definition and restrictions on intermediaries also reflect Germany’s emphasis on market competition supervision at the purchasing and sales ends。These measures are of certain help in protecting consumer rights and improving the system that prohibits the abuse of market power。

　　Japan: Urging bet365 promo codes companies to increase transparency

Japan’s e-commerce started late，But the development momentum is rapid。In the early stages of the development of bet365 promo codes，The Japanese government has adopted a relatively loose policy，Rarely intervene in the development of bet365 promo codes，Regulatory work related to their functions is mainly carried out by each functional department，And the punishment for violations of laws and regulations is not strong，Generally a warning、Interview、Fine, etc.。However，With the continuous development of bet365 promo codes，The adverse effects of this loose policy are gradually emerging。

In order to strengthen supervision，Japan has not only introduced the "Electronic Data Interchange" (EDI) business information processing method，And a series of laws and regulations have been issued for the supervision of bet365 promo codes，Including "Framework for the Resolution of Consumer Disputes in E-Commerce", "Electronic Consumer Contract Law", "Japanese E-commerce and Information Transaction Code", "Laws Related to Specified Traders", etc.。In Japan，In addition to the above-mentioned laws and regulations specifically formulated for bet365 promo codes，Other business laws targeting market behavior、Trade laws, etc. are applicable to the supervision of e-commerce activities。Meanwhile，The Japanese government also implements strict industrial and commercial registration procedures for bet365 promo codes，Its entry and exit from the market will be reviewed multiple times。In addition，E-commerce platform operators must keep online transaction records for at least one year for inquiries by relevant departments。

In June 2020, Japan promulgated the "Law for the Promotion of Transparency and Fairness of Specified Electronic Platforms" (hereinafter referred to as the "Promotion Law")，And will be officially implemented in February 2021。This regulation focuses on prohibiting platform companies from taking advantage of their dominant position to carry out unfair competition activities，Urge platform companies to increase transparency。The "Promotion Law" delineates bet365 promo codes with annual sales exceeding US.8 billion or annual revenue exceeding US.9 billion as key regulatory targets。As a subject of supervision，Related platform business to business、Consumers and government departments have disclosure obligations。The "Promotion Law" also requires these platform companies to establish open and transparent procedures and systems，For example, appointing a person who lives in Japan and is familiar with Japanese business to be responsible for developing seller-related service functions in the system，Take measures to help consumers understand the regulations related to transactions, etc.。In addition，The "Promotion Law" also expands the supervision rights of platform users，When platform users believe that the platform has violated laws and regulations or failed to take necessary measures to assume platform responsibility，Report to relevant government agencies，Users will receive effective personal safety and information privacy protection。The "Promotion Law" has achieved outstanding results in protecting the relevant rights and interests of merchants and consumers。

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 promo codes Administration, South China University of Technology)