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Although Engels is not a professional linguist，There is no dedication to language problems、System research，But the language is never outside of Engels' vision。Engels' exposition on language involves the origin of language、The essence of language、Evolution of language、Language and real life and many aspects。This is a language for us from the perspective of historical materialism and material dialectics、Grasp the language provides scientific methodology，For the scientific understanding of the nature of language today，Correctly handle the construction of language and spiritual world、The relationship between language and national prosperity and development，It has very important guiding significance。

Labor is the material premise of language generated。Engels analyzed the generation of language from the generation and development of people，He believes that the generation and evolution of people are the physiological prerequisite for language。"People are also caused by differentiation。"" "So people and apes are different，So it laid the foundation of the language of the syllable and the huge development of the human brain，This development has made the gap between people and apes passing down from now on。"Engels emphasized that labor is a material premise for language，Labor creation and promoted language development。"The language is produced from labor and work with labor，This is the only correct explanation。Between animals，There are few things to convey each other，You can convey it with each other without Bet365 app download the language of the syllable，And people need to express much more complex and richer than animals in labor communication。He believes that labor is based on division of labor and cooperation，During the labor process，People between people due to effective division of labor、The needs and practice of interaction in cooperation，This needs and practice inspire language impulse，laid the connotation of language production and the material basis for its changes。Labor prompts each society to combine more closely，It has increased people to help each other and cooperate with each other，and make everyone clearly realize the benefits of this common collaboration。"One sentence，These people being formed，It has reached each other some of them.。"because labor needs the relationship between people，The consciousness of using language has produced in labor communication。It can be said，Language is the result of the practice of human material production communication，People have created language in the process of labor。Just like Marx、Engels said: "Language and consciousness have the same long history; language is a practice、Not only for others, but also for my own、Real consciousness。Language is the same as consciousness，Just because of it，Only due to the urgent need of associated with others。"is exactly in the process of human labor，Due to the need for communication，Only to promote the generation of language。So，Language is "people’s social products"，is the result of human practice activities。

Language is a manifestation of real life。Engels believes that language is the carrier of consciousness，Is the basic element of consciousness，Language and consciousness are all manifestations of the objective world。"The spirit 'was unlucky Bet365 app download from the beginning，The "entanglement" by the material，Materials here appeared as vibrating air layers，Brief words，That is language。"" That is to say，In Marx、In the field of vision of Engels，Language、Consciousness and other spiritual worlds are not practical activities independent of people、Independent kingdom independent in the objective world，"Not people’s consciousness determines people’s existence，On the contrary，It is a person’s society that determines people's consciousness "。People use the concept of language to form things、Make judgment、Reasoning，Forms object consciousness and self -consciousness，Further understand the world and transform the world。Language is not in the practical activity of human beings、Outside the objective world，Language、Although consciousness is subjective、Relatively independent，But in the final analysis, it is a reflection of the objective world、Reflection of existence。"All kinds of spiritual production expressed in language，(Politics、Law、Moral、Religious，metaphysics ...) It is just a product of people's material relationship。"Although the language has a special form of independence，But in content and essence，It is also a reflection of real life、Product，instead of the opposite。Engels believes that transition from thinking to reality，That is the whole problem that transitions from language to life，Only in philosophical fantasy，is the nature and root of life。As Marx said: "philosophers only need to restore their language as ordinary language abstracted from it，You can recognize that their language is a distorted real world language，You can understand，Can not form a special kingdom alone regardless of thought bet365 best casino games or language，They are just a manifestation of real life。"Language is the consciousness of practical reality，"To understand the content of the language，Start from the material life of society "。So，Material and language is determined and decided、The relationship between reflected and reflected。Language、Thinking is a reflection of objective things，It is a reflection of people's practical activities。Practice rather than language is the fundamental connection point of human and objective world，Not a language decision practice，Instead of practicing the language，"Language is the direct reality of thought"。Only start from practice，Starting from human material production activities，We can fundamentally understand the nature of the language，Only the thinking and existence reflected by the language reflected by the language、Subjective and objective、A contradiction between people and the world。

The national language is the history、specific。Study on dialect and national language，Is Engels a major contribution in linguistics。"Frank Dialect" is an example of the use of historical materialism in linguistics，It analyzes the historical development of Germanic dialect，provided "Language Certificate" for the relatives of the relationship between the Frank Language Area.。Engels emphasizes dialect、National language is the product of a certain community of society，"Language itself is the product of a certain community，Similarly from the other aspect，The language itself is the existence of this community，And it is a self -evident existence "。He emphasized that common national language has an important impact on national identity，"Only the tribes with the same dialect will be a big whole"。But Engels also believes that language and national identity bet365 best casino games is not a corresponding relationship，He said, "Although the racial blood is close to、Combine in language，and Alps，But the residents of Sava seem to have no wishes to want people to benefit them with the various emperors of the French motherland ";，But in the spirit、Personality and customs，All become authentic Mazar people "。Engelster, do n’t emphasize respect for the language rights and interests of the nation，He said: "Forced these poor Labulaland people not only say that their brutal half -Esto Moto dialect，Also wants them to learn civilized Norwegian or Swedish，This is indeed an amazing oppression! "The national language is not eternal、unchanged，Instead, it changes with the changes in the economic conditions and historical environment of a nation。That is to say，The national language is the history、specific。Engels pointed out: "Actually，In any developed modern language，Naturally, the language generated by real estate is improved into national language，Part is the historical development of the language composed of ready -made materials，such as Latin and Ridman;，such as English; partly because dialects are a unified national language through economic concentration and political concentration。"at the same time，In nation、During the conquest and conquest of the country，The conquered person had to adapt to the language of the conqueror in most cases，"They are assimilated by the conquer，and most of them have to use the language of the conquerous person "。

Language is an evolving objective phenomenon。Engels believes that as "these people are forming people"，Language is a process of dialectical development，It is not a single、curing、unchanged，Instead of entangled interaction、Continuous Bet365 lotto review evolution in spiral progress。He said，Long -term evolution，Different from people and apes open，Lile the development of the language of the syllable and the development of human brain development。He also thinks，"Sensors that serve it for it、​​Clear and clear consciousness and development of abstract capabilities and reasoning capabilities，Reverse effects on labor and language，Provide new driving forces for the further development of these two "。Advanced productive forces and the development of economic and social development are the main factor to promote the development of language，Engels emphasized that the southern Frankland nation in the Middle Ages "The first national nation created a standard language。... but the development of history is ruthless。After 300 years of struggle，The beautiful language of the Provence people has fallen to the point of local dialects，They also become French people "。19th Century，With the development of the German economy，"Industry in Germany、Germany's trade and German culture naturally brought German language to these areas "，That is the Slavic tribe。With the development of productivity，Society formed new forces and concepts，Generate a new way of communication，Generate new language。It is in material production activities that humans are constantly evolving，The language becomes rich and colorful。

Engels' discussion on language，Let us further understand that language is the expression of human real life，Language is also affirmative、The tools and basic power of their own liberation。The revival of the nation is often accompanied by the rise of language and discourse rights，The language and discourse system of the Chinese nation in history made important contributions to human civilization。Current，We must attach Bet365 lotto review great importance to language construction，firm cultural self -confidence，Effective "Tell Chinese Stories，Promote the Chinese Voice "，Promoting the construction of language and discourse systems with the great rejuvenation process of the Chinese nation，Working hard to contribute Chinese wisdom for the discourse system of building a community of human destiny。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Think and Political Education of Zhejiang Normal University)