Historical comparative linguistics mainly study the development and evolution of language，Its main theory is to use historical comparative laws to summarize language relationships and historical evolution，"homologous words" is the key to this theory。The same language has formed different languages ​​in different regions，Words that indicate the same semantics may have different spelling forms in these different languages。but，These different spelling forms have neat voice corresponding to the law，These words are called homologous words (Cognate)。

Today，We should hold a more dialectical attitude towards historical comparative linguistics。This dialectical spirit is also applicable to deep reflection on "modern Chinese history"。

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Wang Li said，"If there is no Mrs. Bamboo because of the West，I ignored the existence of Mrs. Bamboo in our family，It's wrong "，This was originally a powerful argument against Chinese grammatics imitation of Western grammatics。Here，We use "Mrs. Bamboo" as a metaphor，Explain that the composition of "modern Chinese" has changed a lot。When did Chinese do not have "Mrs. Bamboo" from from beginning to? When did the "air conditioner / electric fan" enter Chinese?

imitation、Grafting、Borrowing words、Free translation，All the main paths of modern Chinese "Europeanization"。Wang Li said，"From the beginning of the Republic of China to the present，In more than 20 years，Bet365 app download Change of grammar，Compared with Han to Qing，There is no time to have it。Europeanization of grammar，Is a major event in the history of grammar。Let's take this big turn，There should be a clear understanding "。But，The nearly 70 years have passed，Ouhua seems to have become the "internal factors" of Chinese development，People are also accustomed to Europeanization，No longer care about。

　Modern Chinese research also requires historical analysis

What is the source of modern Chinese? Probably include: ancient vernacular、Europeanized ingredients、New ingredients、Dialect、Ancient classical Chinese，etc.。Vernacular formed after the integration of these elements，During the May 4th New Culture Movement, it is called "New Bewee"，So，Some scholars regard new vernacular as the starting point of modern Chinese，Or think of new vernacular as the main component of modern Chinese。

Take Europe as an example，He Yang believes that "the difference between most European grammar phenomena and the inherent tradition of Chinese in Chinese is mainly reflected in the frequency of the emergence of a grammar，is the difference between rare and wide use，instead of absolute differences and no differences "。Zhu Guanming said，"It's time for VP" Structure to appear in Chinese spoken Chinese oral language，Is the imitation of English ‘it’ s time to ... ’structure，In just 20 years，It has become the most mainstream expression of the same structure of young people "。In fact，Even "young people" are rarely expressed in spoken language，Unless it is to emphasize time，Otherwise，Chinese spoken language only says "VP"，"I have class / I have dinner / I have been sleeping" bet365 best casino games almost never said "It's time ..."。In written language，Modern Chinese "It's time to VP" mainly to emphasize time，Because the traditional thinking of Chinese does not pay attention to time expression。"It's / Pass" Although it has been used in ancient Chinese，But they should be used in modern Chinese at high frequencies but should be the result of Europeanization。Wang Wenbin believes that "English has time characteristics、Chinese has spatial characteristics "，According to this, we can infer the high frequency use of "着 / / pass" is not a Chinese tradition。In ancient Chinese, there were "time"，For example, "It's time，This ground tofu "，"Could ..." Special emphasis on the time of action behavior。The "extensive impact" of Europeanization on modern Chinese，It is difficult for us to accurately determine the amount from the perspective of scientific research、Absolute qualitative。Even so，Europeanization really changed Chinese，"Word sense" is originally a research evidence of language science。

Except for Europeanization ingredients、New language ingredients，It is more difficult to analyze other sources of modern Chinese.。For example，Vernacular and classical Chinese entangled for more than a thousand years，Dialects itself has complex historical levels，etc.。

We emphasize the historical level of modern Chinese，It aims to avoid static treatment of "Modern"，Analysis of "Modern Chinese" in a single analysis。

　Dialectic thinking theory of historical comparative linguistics

History comparative linguistics Strictly distinguish between homology words and borrowing words，Can't build a language spectrum。

Is there a circular argument in the same source word bet365 live casino games and language spectrum? Because "the same language" is the prerequisite for determining the same source words，Before determining that the existence of homologous words is neatly corresponding to the law，This "same language" is just a scientific hypothesis。We think，Homitized words are individual，The language spectrum is a system，It is not a circular argument through individual derivation of the system。Another，The debit is based on the basis of language contact，Language contact belongs to "external factors of language"，Therefore, you can use the external factors of the language to determine the borrowing word。

What is the use of the language spectrum? We believe that，Language spectrum is the key to language comparison，The language of the same genus is easy to compare，Different languages ​​should not be compared blindly。For example，One donkey and a poplar comparison、A horse and a stone comparison，Can that compare? This kind of reflection，Study on today's language comparative research is still realistic。

Is there really a complete unity in ancient times、"Primitive ancestor" without dialect differences? This involves the origin of human beings，Is whether the race is a single source or a multi -origin problem。So far，Most scientists still believe that human beings are the source of a single source，This is a favorable basis for the existence of "Primitive ancestors"。Of course，For the original ancestor，People basically cannot be proved，It is difficult to confirm it absolutely。

Dialectical Spirit of the above three aspects，No damage to the scientific attributes of historical comparative linguistics。

　History comparative linguistics dialectical enlightenment modern Chinese

Dialectics of historical comparative linguistics，Can inspire us to further improve the academic concept of modern Chinese research。

Now，People no longer study Han and English (English and Chinese) as comparative linguistics，and attribute them to "Comparison Linguistics"。Compared with linguistics can be applied to those languages ​​without relatives，More focused on the differences instead of seeking the same。For example，Dong Shi Xiaoxiao，I also borrowed rouge from Xi Shi，If anyone takes Dongshi Rouge、Rouge of 颦 and Xi Shi、颦 Comparison，and surprised to find that it is the same rouge、The same frivol- "Yinghua in modern Chinese" and "characteristics of English" are the same、The similarity is too normal，In addition to prove that it is borrowed、Extraway，It really does not have the meaning of "language type science"。Of course，Can borrow、Energy efficiency may be a donkey、Horse、mule，instead of "donkey and a tree" or "horse and a stone"。Another，The sources of various elements of modern English are also very complicated，"He" of English is also very serious。

Li Chunyang said，"Today's readers are finally gathered with the new literary context，Roughly agree (I stand by the tree) actually compare (me standing by the tree) smooth，is the authentic Chinese，New Literary Sports Make disappears，A large number of famous works at the beginning，Real Ending "。For example, "I have 4,000 years of eating people's resumes，Although I didn't know it at the beginning，I understand now，It's hard to see true people "，Insert language "Although I didn't know" was the grafting bet365 Play online games of foreign language grammar，"... I" should belong。In English，"... me" prototype "i, who ... "Rare。WHO's attributive of "others" as "others"，"The man/he, WHO ... "Fortunately，and "... I" may be "he, who ... "Class push for Korean。Traditionally "English more sentences，Chinese multi -point sentence "，"... I ..." Chinese can use multiple independent sentences，No need to let "..." and "I ..." squeeze in a long sentence。Of course，This Europeanization may not be derived from WHO Congxing，"I have a resume of 4,000 years of eating, I am 18 years old this year" / I ’m 18 Years Old with A 4000-Year History of Cannibalism，"I am tired with 4,000 years of people's resume" / I ’m tired after 4000 Years of Cannibalism。If you encounter such an English sentence，Even if it is today，We are still not used to translating it as "..." I ... "，It can be translated as "I have eaten people who have eaten 4,000 years，Can only be 18 years old this year "" After eating 4,000 years of people，Now I'm tired "。This "not used to translation"，It can prove "'he, who ... 'The category of push "is a" over -class push "，It may be derived from excessive cultural Europeanization，instead of just Chinese Europeanization。

Since the May 4th New Culture Movement，It is "Europeanization of Thoughts" that affects Chinese，Or "European Europeanization" affects ideological culture，It is not easy to distinguish，Both of these different situations can be created "Chinese -based Chinese"。With the deepening of Chinese and Western exchanges，Ouhua from the "external factors" of simply as Chinese，Gradually grow a certain number of "internal factors"，This makes us gradually learn from Europeanization Bet365 app download Chinese、It is accustomed to it。We can treat Europeanization with an open mind，Chinese can also do not pursue "language purity"，but，The historical level of modern Chinese rationally has an important academic significance。

　　(Author Unit: School of Arts of Zhengzhou University)