The Book of Capitalism Cultural Contradiction is the American scholar Daniel Bell (Daniel Bell，1919-2011) Important representative works of thought maturity，concentrated showing his thinking about the tension of the capitalist society。Bell's technology based on capitalist society -economic system、The facts of the division of politics and culture，Ecclail capitalist culture -style micro，Unable to undertake the task of alleviating the structural tension between the other two。He believes that Western culture "will return to the excavation of sacredness at a certain moment"，This pushes it to a position of cultural conservatism。

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Bell's excavation of the contradiction between capitalist culture began in the middle of the 20th century in the middle of the 20th century.。Division of the two World War，The negative emotions that make society that may completely disintegrate in Western society are widely circulated。From Bell's view，The theoretical idea behind "nihilism" is "Apocalyptic" social change concept，It can be traced back to Christianity's understanding of the "end of the world"，Later, after Augustine's reflection on the death of the Roman Empire, it was strengthened。In the introduction of "Capitalist bet365 live casino games cultural contradiction",，Bell recognizes two nihilism styles: one is Nietzsche -style "nihilism"。Bell analysis believes，Nietzsche described a Socrate image as a model of the "theorist" in "The Birth of Tragedy": he is used to guiding dialogue，Error in the concept of the dialogue constantly，To pursue truth。Socrates "The happiestness to discover your own is the process of revealing Bet365 lotto review things，and confirm your strength "。This is essentially a ability of rationalism and precision computing，It is characterized by program control、Operations including human civilization。The second is Joseph Conrad -style "nihilism"。Conrad tried to present a profound contradiction between "civilization" and "anarchist impulse and return to the ancestors in life"。"Civilization" symbolizes society from darkness to light。In this process，No governmentism and those destruction forces returning to darkness，It will always try to break through "civilization"，Re -bring society into "ignorance"。From Bell's view，This is the essential violence of nihilism: "The senseless action (The Senserss Act) — Crazy。"" Nihore、Practical，Its destructive power will be projected to modern society，This causes a series of threatening terrorist activities。This is not only a release of negative emotions of the existing social operation structure，It is also a rebellion of the achievements of human civilization。That's for this，Conrad -style "nihilism" pursuit of "meaningless behavior"，It is a cultural product that opposes all traditional customs。Both nihilism reveals the possibility of rapid disintegration of human society to a certain extent，and the huge disastrous consequences brought by the two World War，It has accelerated the spread of nihilism in Western society。In addition，Nihistanicism is also influenced by the theoretical "overall view of society" in German philosophy: Society is a certain abstraction、The organic whole of the principle of internalization。The theoretical concept of this overall view of society originated from Hegel's will of "spirit"，The latest theory presentation is the "Grant theory" of Talkrt Parsons, the founder of contemporary American sociology,，It bet365 best casino games advocates that a set of highly abstraction、Standardized、The concept of universalization and associated with each other realizes the unity of society。

Bell recognition，As far as the current situation of the capitalist society，There is indeed the possibility of division。But，Whether a capitalist society will be dependent on nihilism and "overall theory of society"，Quickly complete the overall social level of society? For this question，Bell thinks，From a cultural perspective，Including various lifestyles、Social Relations、Social constituent elements, including specifications and values，It will not flip all overnight，Especially those traditions of customs and habits and agreed vulgar。We should recognize，Social change should be more slower from the perspective of time dimension，Its process is far more than those of the Apocalypse concepts、The exaggerated change advertised by religion is more complicated。So，Thinking about the contradiction of capitalist culture，Foundation point should be the fact that modern society is divided，instead of a theoretical construction of the overall view of society。

　　Reflection for human survival situation

So，Under the split of capitalist society，How to interpret "culture"? Bell thinks，Understanding of culture，Essentially a kind of facing human survival conditions and dilemma，Theoretical reflection pointing to human survival significance。For this，Bell from cultural scope、Cultural function and cultural direction to triple maintenance，Cultural function and cultural direction to triple maintenance。

Current，Questions about "what is culture" have not reached a universal consensus，The following two cultural definitions have a great influence: the first is an anthropological perspective represented by Edward Taylor，regarding Bet365 lotto review "culture" as a living actions of all members in a established social form，that is, culture as a complex whole，Contains all the social attributes of members。The second way to define culture is represented by Matthew Arnold，He believes that culture is education、Tools that cultivate excellent human quality，"It's a perfect study，Is the perfection of harmony、General Perfect，and those perfect pursuits that include becoming a certain thing rather than having a certain thing，It is also studying a condition that covers the inside of the mind and spirit，Perfect on the background outside the situation "。This is a kind of thinking that Arnold's "no government state" caused by the industrial revolution based on the cultural perspective。

but，The cultural definition of Taylor and others has some reasonableness，But did not express the true thinking of human survival and confusion。Based on this，Bell borrowed Ensst Casar's cultural critical doctrine，Proposal "Culture，Especially in this book，Its meaning is slightly less than the definition of anthropology，The definition of any ‘lifestyle’ is about to be culture，It is slightly larger than the aristocratic tradition that limited the culture in the form of elegant and elegant art "，and further emphasize that "my so -called cultural refers to the field of symbolic form，In the scope of the discussion of this book，In the narrow sense, it is more ‘symbolism of expression’; reflected in painting、Poetry、These efforts in the novel or from prayer、Religiousism performed in worship and rituals，All try to explore and express the meaning of human survival in some imagination "。Culture in Bell's vision is no longer presented in human society (such as art、Religious、Myth, etc.) specific content，but an objective product formed by humans to deal with multiple survival Bet365 app download dilemmas，It points to human survival meaning。

According to its definition of cultural scope，and the split facts of the capitalist society，Bell thinks，We should focus on the following functions of culture，is "for society、Group and individual，Culture is a continuity process that maintains recognition/identity (Identity)。From Bell's view，Since the industrial revolution of capitalist society，After experiencing from "former industrial society" to "industrial society"，Then go to the different social development forms of "post -industrial society"，This transformation has accelerated the change of human production lifestyle -that is,，Human beings have gone through the era of hand -handed natural resources、The era of transforming nature with the relationship between people and machines，and an intelligent technology era based on information technology; on the other hand, it also means、Universe and other external existences，Moved to human subjective creation，The meaning of life from a "given" state of human beings，Transforming into a state that humans actively given other things。Bell noticed，This change has promoted the huge progress in human society，But in human and nature、The issue of society and other people brings new difficulties: the mission of modern culture unable to carry the meaning of human survival。It can be said，We are enjoying the convenience brought by the "removal" world，Also assume various spiritual disturbances brought by "identity/identity crisis"。Bell wants to re -delineate the cultural scope，Follow the endogenous logic that expresses the significance of human survival，The aesthetic concept that will be inherited、Moral concept、Various social elements such as customs and habits re -integrate，Make society、Maintain bet365 Play online games a "stable" state between the group and the individual。In this sense,，Culture "is the field of perception，Also the field of emotional and moral，It is even more trying to coordinate these emotional areas of intellectual intellectuals "。It is here，We touch the main purpose of Bell's cultural concept，That is, cultural essence is the theoretical reflection on human survival.，is an interpretation activity that constantly explores the meaning of life。

From Bell's view，The "recognition crisis" of modern people finally pointed to a kind of survival for human beings、Thinking of the value and meaning of life，It is essentially "a retrospective of the original problem。This is some of the eras around all times、The original problems of all regions and all human beings，It comes from the limited nature of human situations on the one hand，On the other hand, it also comes from human beings constantly pursuing the tension brought by the other side "。For a cultural conservative like Bell，He always believes，Culture's "retrospective" tendency in content instead of content，A response to the survival situation of human beings，Because "the principle of culture is a constant return (not in form，Instead of concern on concerns), the process of the core features of human survival is "。So，Culture is "to provide a set of appropriate explanations for the survival dilemma encountered by humans in their lives"。

To sum up，Bell's thoughts in the mature period of thought are trying to re -sort out and integrate the concept of "culture"，Analyze and solve the various systematic tension faced by the capitalist society。But，The effectiveness of this method is not significant，This is exactly Habermas criticized Bell，The reason where it is classified as the "New Conservative" camp。But no matter what，​​The "bet365 live casino games cultural contradiction" of the capitalist society revealed by Bell，Is an analysis unique and inspiring，The "cultural vision" he built actually confirms that he is a kind of humanistic care reflected by his contemporary thinker as a contemporary thinker.。

　(This article is supported by the central university of the Central Universities of Renmin University

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)