What is the country as the original，The nature of the country and the direction of its governance，The source of the state's power is related to the establishment of its legitimacy。These are rooted in the historical and cultural traditions of various nations，This constitutes the general understanding of the general public and is accepted，It is deemed to be a natural righteousness。China has formed civilianism since ancient times，quite national characteristics。

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People's identity of the legitimacy of national power，Hidden in the myth of its nation creation，This is an aspect that is not very noticed。Myth is a human understanding of the origin of the original civilization，Contains rich information，greatly affecting the later development。The myth of the ancestor is especially important，From the perspective of human nature，People will care about who is the original ancestor，Where to come from。From a cultural and political perspective，The ancestor represents the basic characteristics of a nation，The legitimacy of the cultural tradition and politics。

Tracing the origin of the Huaxia people，Must describe the birth of the ancestor，Various ethnic groups have their own ancestors，Leave various legends，But most of them are now lost。After the formation of the unified emperor system，The ins and outs of the nation and the country must be clarified from the source，Then integrate various legends，Forming a wide range of identity。This career was completed in the "Historical Records" written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty。

"Historical Records" opening first volume is the sorting of the source flow of ancient Chinese people，and become the mainstream statement of the historical narrative bet365 live casino games of later generations。The ancestor of the Huaxia tribe was respected by Sima Qian，The description of his life said: "Huang Emperor，Son of Shandian，Surname Gongsun，Name Xuanyuan。Born and God，Young and Qi Qi，Young and Qi Qi，Smart，Smart。"The ancestor should be the first person of the Huaxia tribe，but Huangdi is the "son of Shao Dian"，So why not start with Shandian? Compared with the legend of human origin in the West，Its difference is more eye -catching。Human ancestors in Western culture are created by God，The ancestor of the Huaxia tribe is life，There is a fundamental difference between the two。

Human ancestors in Western discourse Aza has the status of God after God。God is an inevitable absolute existence，And Adam has no doubt that in addition to committing the error of stealing food forbidden fruits。All the mistakes made by humans happened behind Adam，so，God is absolutely correct，People must obey God’s will。"Old Testament" uses the history of the Jews that the Jews who have suffered from God's will to prove God's absolute correctness，Then construct the legitimacy of the power of the power of Western countries，It has not changed since ancient times。

Since the ancestor of the Chinese people, Huang Di is not created by God，The basis for its ancestor status must be constructed in human society。At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucianism, quoted the "Historical Records" in the "Historical Records".，"Dehe Five Emperors Siter，Celebrate Emperor "。That is, the "Emperor" representative morality，Only those who have a high proficiency with their status can be called "Emperor"。He also quoted "Kun Lingtu" said，"Morality with Heaven and Earth，Not in private "，Further explains the "virtue" to be positive，Do not seek private interest，Taking the life of the world as a thought。From this we can see that the so -called "five emperors" era is "the world is the public"，instead of the era of "family world"。

In the narrative of the Bet365 lotto review Huangdi deeds，Sima Qian established the most fundamental condition for ancient Chinese political leaders，That is to remove the violent Anliang、conforms to the heart of the people。This is obviously a humanistic condition，instead of being determined by God's Life。This one constitutes the root cause of the most important legitimacy of Chinese politics: the world is not the world of one person and one surname，Destiny impermanence，Only the virtues live。Sima Qian constructs the tradition of Chinese history，The ancestor of the Chinese nation's humanities。

　　Destiny transfer to the people's originalism

Dayu's merits of governing water and opening Kyushu are too great，Unmanned comparable，Winning the heart of the people，Become a hero idol existence。So，His son Qi can easily obtain support，Get power，Inherited Yu's leader position，to end the Zen Join，Repair history。So far，clan unlocking，Entering the "Family World" kingdom era of the father's position。

The highest power is private，merit is an important capital，Political performance elements that constitute the source of power。but，This legitimacy is not sufficient，Otherwise, people who have merit in the future can usurp the position，This is political taboo。The Xia Dynasty was established because of Yu's achievements，Also due to the chaos of the puppet。Shang Tang overturned Xia Yan's "Tang Oath" to refer to，"Xia Wang takes the power，Take Xiayi，There is a lot of guidance to the association "，So，"Awe God，Dare not to be correct "，That is, the business of the business of the Shang Dynasty。Shang Tang Destroying Xia may not be a vicious revolution described by a dynasty described by later generations。In history, the Xia people are far away from ghosts and gods and businessmen worship God，The significance of replacing the Xia Dynasty in the Shang Dynasty is even more of a cultural conversion。The so -called "God" for the most important thing about the Shang Dynasty，and cultural forms led by the gods。

The businessman Chong bet365 best casino games believes in ghosts and gods is famous，Reflected in all aspects，Especially on the Oracle and bronze wares representing the culture of the business culture。The most respectable businessman is "Emperor"，I believe that many gods exist in nature，People must sacrifice ghost gods、Oy obedience。In "Book of Rites · Table"，Confucius said: "Yin people respect God，Leading the people with things，Ghost and then gift。"The king must divide the state to deal with the state -of -state statement，Special agencies and officers in the court。Obviously，Shang Dynasty tried to shape "God"，Reinforce the legitimacy of national power。

Shang Dynasty through shaping "God" to prove that he got his destiny。Weekly overthrow business，Must break the concept of destiny of the Shang Dynasty。The historical process of Zhou Gong's summer and the demise of the business discusses the impermanence of destiny，and point out: First，The dynasty must have destiny to rise。Second，It is necessary to understand the destiny to be continued。Xia He's last king's king does not understand destiny，Heaven will descend people who understand destiny to help him，But he doesn't realize。This explains the phenomenon of rejecting why the sober head of loyalty and loyalty at the end of the dynasty。third，If the rulers do not realize their destiny, they want to be evil，There are new and destiny people who are born，Revolutionary revolution will occur。Based on this，The Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty in the transfer of destiny。What is the transfer of destiny? King Zhou Cheng，"Huang Tian has no relatives，Weide is supplement "。Jide lies in Huimin，"What the people want，Tian must follow it "。Destiny transfer said not only to shift between destiny between the old and new dynasties，The deeper manifestation of the transfer of destiny to the people's originalism，From God to the people。

　　The purpose of establishing civilian nationalism in the Zhou Dynasty

Zhou to the world to declare the new regime、Bet365 lotto review The distinction between the old regime，Build your own regime legitimacy。Zhou Wuwang publicly swore at the oath conference: "Heaven is more than the people，What the people want，Sky must follow it "," Tianshi Self -People's Television，Heaven Listening Self -listening "" Tianyou Xiamin，The Jun of the Make，Master of the Writer，But Qixiang God，Pen Sui Sifang "" but Tianhui Min，Only Bi Fengtian "。This is a new political declaration，excited heart、Glory。Although Zhou dare not blame the ghosts and gods，Instead, I took over the worship of the ghosts and gods of the Shang Dynasty。but，Weekly use "people" to enrich "God"，In essence, "God"。God is the people，Heaven will be public opinion。From this，The logic of the people's heart is opened。National political foundation is no longer built on the worship of ghosts and gods，but built on the people -oriented，Establish a banner of civilistism。

Zhou Gong discussed the goals of national governance.，Said: Guide people to go to the right way，will be stable。We have to think about the morality of Yin Shang Shengming Pioneer，Taking the governance of the people to achieve Ankang as the ultimate purpose。("Shang Shu · Kangji") Guide the public to go to the right way，The key is that the governor must first use virtue，The public will travel in the world according to law。("Shangshu · Zi Cai") Promote German politics，The princes will always come to the Chao，Bring tribute to all countries，Recruiting distance、Auxiliary royal family，People sincerely plead for the people。If you want to have a long -lasting period of the Zhou Dynasty，Zhou Wang's children and grandchildren will always protect the people's health。("Shang Shu · Zicai")

The governors of the Zhou Dynasty recognized，The dynasty cannot ask the people to be loyal forever，Want to be supported by the public，Only seek benefits for them。Zhou Gong established King Zhou Wen as a model，Said: Wen Wang is kind and kind -hearted，Attitude Bet365 app download is kind and respectful，Caring for love to protect the people，Apply the grace to those who are lonely and lonely。From morning to noon，until dusk，Busy to eat，To let the people live in harmony。Wang Wang dare not sink in Youyi to play，Make the vassals of Fang Kingdoms attached to the governance of the country。The key to implementing moral politics is to make the people sincerely take care，Can't do this，Even if the governors have repeatedly trained guidance, they cannot work together，That's the fault of the governor，God wants to punish。

The country must follow the rule of law，Zhou Gong pointed out: deal with litigation cases，To announce relevant laws，To restrain the people，Show the reasonable fairness of the law。Payment of law enforcement，Can't be greater than law。Governance according to law also has ethics and morality，Can the effect be highlighted，Let the people take the heart。Zhou people are settled agricultural nations，So attach great importance to maintaining family harmony。Here is a governance idea of ​​the combination of ritual and law。

The harm of governance of law also comes from administrative aspects。For example, the vassal country、Officials at all levels to do another set，Publishing a decree、Creating rumors、Deception of the people，To gain reputation，Falun Dafa’s Dafa is not at your heart，The monarch who endangers yourself。This encourages evil，It must be based on their crimes，Eliminate according to law。Officials oppress the people，It is also a serious problem that harms national governance，Must be hit。Blessing for prestige、Violation of the monarch's command、Officials from Yang Fengyin，It can be governed by moral politics，We must strictly rectify the governance。

Huimin、Good Zheng、rule of law，These are national governance principles obtained from the historical experience of the Zhou Dynasty，The Zhou Dynasty attributed it to "Jingtian Baomin"，This forms an ancient Chinese political Bet365 app download concept and tradition，Affairs profound。Zhou replacement merchants，It is an agricultural nation replacing the mixed ethnic group of agriculture and animal husbandry、Humanism replaces god worship、The more powerful feudal state replaced the capital system。It can be said，The Zhou Dynasty established the principle of civilian governance of China for future generations。

(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Study on the Northern Ethnic Spectrum of the Ninth Century" (20&ZD212) Pharmaceutical results)

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University、The former Vice President of the History Society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties China)