The establishment of the monk-official system in China is a major event in the history of Buddhism，Played a huge role in promoting the sinicization of Buddhism。Eastern Jin bet365 cricket odds，Buddhism has expanded from an initial religious group into a religious organization with certain economic and political power，The phenomenon of secularization is relatively serious。For this，The rulers in both northern and southern China established monk officials，In order to manage and utilize Buddhism。

The Eastern Jin Dynasty pioneered the monk-official system in China，Established a "monk" similar to later generations of bet365 cricket odds，Although it is a start-up，But it influenced the following four generations of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen。There was a "monk master" during the reign of Emperor Liu Song and Ming Dynasty，According to the "Biography of Eminent bet365 cricket odds: Biography of Seng Jin": "Chi Jin is the leader of bet365 cricket odds in the world，Give me a piece of Dharma，Twenty confidants，30,000 per month。Four gifts of winter and summer，Combining the forces of chariots and officials”。This shows that the bet365 cricket odds in the Southern Dynasties already had the government officials needed for administration。"Sengzheng" or "Sengzheng" leads the bet365 cricket odds，Generally, there is a deputy position, namely "Yue Zhong"，Assist the monk leader。Except for the central bet365 cricket odds，State、The county also has monk officials。Further down，The temple also has a temple owner，There is a precedent for this in the Western Jin Dynasty，But it appeared in the Eastern Jin Dynasty as a monk official managing the temple congregation，In the Liu and Song Dynasties, there were even "monastery masters" who were personally conferred by the emperor。Then the monk officials "Supreme" and "Vina" appeared together with the temple owner to manage the bet365 cricket odds and the production and life of the temple。These are the "three officials" of the temple，The so-called "Three Cardinal Guidelines" in later generations。bet365 cricket odds and officials in the Southern Dynasties all had salaries，No different from court officials，But their term of office is generally not fixed，And the bet365 cricket odds at the central and local levels as well as some important temples are generally appointed by the emperor。

At the same time as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yao Qin believed in Buddhism，There are also monk officials，Yao Xing once issued an edict to appoint bet365 cricket oddsFor the domestic monk leader，The monk moved to please the public，Faqin、Huibin’s record of bet365 cricket odds together。The culture of the Northern Wei Dynasty was relatively backward，But the development of Buddhism in Wei Dynasty was extremely rapid，The establishment of the Tuoba family as a monk began in the first year of the emperor's reign，According to "Book of Wei Shi Lao Zhi" records: "There is a Samana Dharma Fruit in Zhao County，Excellent commandments，Starting French book。Taizu heard his name，Edict to march to the capital with courtesy。Later considered Taoist system，Wan photographing the bet365 cricket odds。”The biggest feature of the monk-official system in the early Wei Dynasty is that it is attached to secular rituals，If Dharma Guo believes that the one who can spread the Tao is the Lord，A monk who is attached to his master is not worshiping the emperor，But worship Buddha。So，The bet365 cricket odds led the bet365 cricket odds to become vassals of the imperial power。At the same time，The Tuoba clan established "Jianfu Cao" (later changed to "Zhaoxuan Temple")，This is a specialized central monastic institution，The official head is Tao Ren Tong (or "Shamen Tong")，The deputy position is "Duvina"，Another meritorious service、Master bookkeeper and other personnel。State、County、There is also Shamencao in the county，With Dutong and Duvina，Even the lowest-level temple officials、Temple Master、Vina was also included in the monk-official system。Visible，The monk-official system in the Northern Wei Dynasty has gradually become complete。Zhaoxuan Temple is directly subordinate to the emperor，Manage all monastic affairs，Great power、Stability of religious authority，Unprecedented。At the same time，The quality of the bet365 cricket odds themselves is deteriorating，Late Northern Wei Dynasty，The tyranny of monk officials、Corruption、The proliferation of monasteries, bet365 cricket odds and nuns is getting worse，This trend continued to intensify until the Northern Qi Dynasty。To contain the development of the situation，Northern Qi has made some efforts，If setting up a Samana to break things up，But it was short-lived after all。

During the Sui Dynasty，Buddhism is revived，He integrated the northern and southern monk-official systems，Restore Zhaoxuan Temple as a monastic institution，Establishing the Samana Datong、Zhao Xuantong、Three positions in Zhaoxuandu，Also imitated the Northern Qi Dynasty and set up a sand gate to judge matters，The establishment of local prefectures, counties and grassroots bet365 cricket odds and officials is the same as that of Wei Qi。On the basis of inheriting from the previous generation，Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty established twenty-five Buddhist "academic officials"，These twenty-five people mainly face the general audience，Professor’s Ring、definite、The "Three Learnings" of Wisdom。Later, "Five Publics" were established，It is also the nature of an academic officer，But it is more profound than the Buddhism studied by the "Twenty-Five Community"。In addition，There are also foreign monk leaders，Main Management、Coordinate and serve foreign bet365 cricket odds。Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty created the temple supervision system that influenced later generations for more than a thousand years，Realized the supervision of bet365 cricket odds by lay officials。Made from Tang Dynasty to Sui Dynasty，The three cardinal principles of the monastery are retained，But everything is done in vain，Gaozu only established the "Ten Great Virtues" to replace the central bet365 cricket odds。Taizong period，"Top Ten Virtues" canceled，The central and local monk-official systems were also abolished，All powers are returned to government agencies Honglu Temple and the Ministry of Rites，There is a Chongxuan Department under Honglu Temple，There is a shrine department under the Ministry of Rites。In the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, a new merit envoy was established to take charge of monk affairs。After Xianzong，Except the temple department is in charge of monk records and certificates，The remaining monk duties belong to the merit envoy。There is also a Senglu Division under the merit envoy，This is the highest-level monk official in the Tang Dynasty。When Wu Zong destroyed the Buddha，The monk’s affairs were once placed under the jurisdiction of the host and guest doctor of the Ministry of Rites，But it was quickly restored by Xuanzong，From then on until the end of Tang Dynasty，The specific affairs of Seng Lu Si’s management of Buddhism have become customized。

After the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty，Taizu changed the policy of suppressing Buddhism in the Later Zhou Dynasty，Support them。bet365 cricket odds and officials，Modeled after the old system of the Tang Dynasty，Manage Buddhist affairs with Honglu Temple，Manage the ultimatum by the temple department，Use merit envoys to supervise the appointment and dismissal of monk officials and the issuance of ultimatums by the above two departments。In the Song Dynasty, there was a left and right street monk record department，Affiliated to Honglu Temple，Staff has a monk record、Sengzheng、First Block、Jianyi, etc.。First-level administrative district state、国、Army、In prison，Except for the governor of Kaifeng and the merit envoy，State、The army has a monk chief officer，There are chief bet365 cricket odds and deputy bet365 cricket odds、Dusengzheng’s position。In the early Song Dynasty, grassroots bet365 cricket odds mostly used the title of temple master in the Sui and Tang Dynasties、Seated、Duvina’s Three-Gang System，This system is similar to "separation of powers"，Some major matters within the temple require joint consultation among the three parties，If there is any objection, the trip cannot be completed，Mutual constraints、Not efficient。Zen Buddhism flourished in the late Tang Dynasty，They use "abbot" as the leader of the bet365 cricket odds in the temple，By the middle of Song Dynasty，The abbot system completely replaced the three cardinal system，Become the head monk of the temple and take charge of the bet365 cricket odds’ affairs、Leading the bet365 cricket odds。There are two orders under the abbot，There are six heads in Western order，The first one (assist the abbot in leading the bet365 cricket odds)、Secretary (recording copywriting and correspondence)、Zhicang (manage book collection)、Zhike (receiving guests)、Zhimu (bathing related chores)、Zhidian (incense in the palace)；There are six governors in Dongxu，Respectively, they are the capital temple (general in charge of all affairs of the courtyard)、Inspection of the temple (general affairs)、Deputy Temple (Finance)、Vina (Supervision)、Dianzuo (Kitchen Affairs)、Zhi Sui (Farming)。Also，There are also waiters、Supervision、Zhishan and other bet365 cricket odds。It’s worth noting，The practice of selling ultimatums to supplement the finances was very popular in the Song Dynasty，The result was a dramatic increase in the number of bet365 cricket odds，Various quality，More and more secular。The secularization of Buddhism is especially manifested in the corruption of bet365 cricket odds，The abbot system in the Song Dynasty made many bet365 cricket odds proud to be the abbot of a temple，When they move from the abbot of a small temple to the abbot of a large temple or from the abbot of a large temple to a famous temple such as "Five Mountains and Ten Temples"，He was named "promoted" and "moved"，Written entirely in secular official titles。

Originally arrived in the Southern Song Dynasty，The monk-official system has become a vassal of the secular government，But it was an exception in the Yuan Dynasty。The Yuan people regarded Buddhism as the state religion，Therefore, the status of Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty far exceeded that of previous dynasties。The name of the Buddhist official institution established by the central and local governments in the early Yuan Dynasty was "Buddhist Presidential Office"，The chief officer is "Monk President"，The staff has a judge、Consultant、Du Shi etc.。The Buddhist president withdrew from the stage of history when he joined the Chengren Second Sect，Followed by the "General Manufacturing Institute"，Later renamed "Xuanzhengyuan"，In charge of national religious affairs and military and political affairs in Tibetan areas。And if necessary, local roads，Generally there is an "Executive Propaganda Council"，Such as the Executive Council in Jiangnan and Tibet，It is also a central-level monk-official organization。Local，There are Sanglu Divisions on each road，Sengzhengsi established in the state，The government established the Seng Gang Department。In addition，In the Yuan Dynasty, there was also the General Administration Office of Guangjiao、Toutuo Zen Lusi、Baiyun Sect Chief Photographer, etc.。Yao Zhi，bet365 cricket odds and officials in the Yuan Dynasty have a common characteristic，They not only manage monk affairs，Also manages certain government affairs、Military Affairs，Lay officials sometimes manage Buddhist affairs，So it is military-civilian communication、Used by both bet365 cricket odds and lay people。The excessive power of bet365 cricket odds and officials to influence politics was a major drawback of the official administration in the Yuan Dynasty。

The Ming Dynasty returned religious power to the Ancestral Department of the Ministry of Rites (later changed to "Ancestral Priests")，Manage national religious affairs，Including monk book、Du ultimatum、Appointment and removal of bet365 cricket odds and officials、Temple establishment, etc.。The central government agency for bet365 cricket odds is the Senglu Department，Set up a good world、Explanation、Lecture、Jueyi and other bet365 cricket odds，Respectively, the sixth grade from Zhengcong、Just from the eighth grade；Each prefecture shall set up a monk department，There are bet365 cricket odds and officials such as Du Gang (from the ninth rank)；There are bet365 cricket odds and priests in each state，Assume that the monk is a member；Each county has a monk association secretary，Set one person in the monk association。The strict monk-official system established at all levels is conducive to consolidating the rule of the Ming Dynasty，But while strengthening control over Buddhism，It also makes Buddhist bet365 cricket odds and officials more bureaucratic (because they are hierarchical)，Buddhism as a whole is in a state of decline，The teaching style is declining。The monk-official system in the Qing Dynasty changed little compared with the previous generation，Only during the Qianlong period, the main and secondary seals were set up in the Central Senglu Department，Above the good world of left and right，Overall monk affairs；At the time of Daoguang, eight city associate administrators were appointed，A dispatch agency similar to Seng Lu Division。

Reviewing the evolution of the entire monk-official system in Chinese history，It can be found that its essence is just a transfer of religious power。With the steady advancement of centralization，The fall of religious power is almost a foregone conclusion，Although there was a short-lived glory bet365 cricket odds Yuan and Mongolia periods，Generally speaking, it is still inevitable to become a vassal of the secular government。In addition, Buddhism has always had a strong relationship with Confucian ethics、Submissive attitude to secular etiquette，So since the Song and Ming Dynasties，With the evolution of the monk-official system，Buddhism known as “beyond the world”，Step by step toward "joining the WTO"。

　　(Author’s unit: bet365 cricket odds of History, Jiangxi Normal University)