Marx's doctoral thesis "The Difference between the Natural Philosophy of Democritus and the Natural Philosophy of Epicurus"，Reflects the results of his reading and thinking on philosophical topics during his time at the University of Berlin。The Second Edition of the Historical Textual Research Edition of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" (hereinafter referred to as "MEGA2"), Part 4, Volume 1, published for the first time "Extracts from the Works of Classical Philosophers" written by Marx while he was in Berlin，And call it "Berlin Notes"。At the same time，Editor according to writing time，Split the "Notes on the Philosophy of Epicurus" published in the old version of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" into two parts: "Notes on the Philosophy of Epicurus" and "Fragments of Research on Epicurus"。bet365 joining bonus code way，Marx’s notes during his stay in Berlin were “divided into three”。The author thinks，MEGA2 provides important documents for the study of Marx’s thought in Berlin，But the above arrangement and naming methods are not ideal。Follow the conventional practice of studying Marx’s texts，All of Marx’s notes during his time in Berlin can be collectively referred to as “Berlin Notes”，Comprehensive of its writing time and content，Re-staged and studied。bet365 joining bonus code way，The full picture of "Berlin Notes" and its supporting role in Marx's advancement of doctoral thesis research will be more completely presented。

Marx’s doctoral thesis research began in the winter semester of 1838。From about early 1839 to the summer term of 1839，He completed the first set of excerpted notes，The content roughly corresponds to the first five volumes of the old version of "Notes on the Philosophy of Epicurus"。bet365 joining bonus code batch of notes reflects that Marx had already formed a clear theme in the early stages of his doctoral thesis research，And there is a certain breakthrough in viewpoints。bet365 joining bonus code set of notes all revolves around one theme: Epicurus’ philosophical thought。Marx mainly excerpted two documents，The first is Volume 10 of "Records of Words and Deeds of Famous Philosophers"，bet365 joining bonus code is the most important document that systematically introduces the life and thoughts of Epicurus，The second is Lucretius's "On the Nature of Things"，bet365 joining bonus code is an important development in Epicurean philosophy。Comparatively complete excerpts from these two documents，Marx systematically grasped the basic content of Epicurean philosophy。At the same time，Marx also tried to dialogue with critics of Epicurean philosophy in different eras。He excerpted both the Platonist Plutarch and the skeptic Empiricus' commentaries on Epicurus，Also excerpted comments on Epicurus from German philosophical history works at that time，And make a few comments，Particularly opposed to Plutarch’s misreading and criticism of Epicurus。The most noteworthy thing is，Marx inherited Hegel’s views on the history of philosophy，More breakthroughs。Hegel proposed in "Lectures on the History of Philosophy"，All schools of Hellenistic philosophy, including Epicurus, "obtain the freedom of self-awareness through thinking"，bet365 joining bonus code gave Marx important inspiration。Marx also pointed out in his notes，Epicurus “affirms the freedom of self-awareness”。But，Hegel had a very low opinion of Epicurus’ natural philosophy，Think that it is “completely dispensable ideas”。Marx paid special attention to bet365 joining bonus code part，Considers that self-awareness is embodied in Epicurus’ celestial theory，His detached attitude toward the celestial bodies reflects "absolute freedom of spirit"。bet365 joining bonus code view laid the foundation for Marx to further establish his research focus and writing ideas。

From mid-1839 to early 1840，Marx in the process of comparing Epicurean philosophy with other philosophical schools in the Hellenistic period，More attention to the atomistic aspects of Epicurean natural philosophy，Compare it with Democritus’s atomism，The special significance of the discovery of the atomic deflection law。bet365 joining bonus code is a refocus and breakthrough in the research process of Marx’s doctoral thesis。During bet365 joining bonus code period，Marx left a new set of excerpted notes，The existing part corresponds to the last two volumes of the old version of "Notes on the Philosophy of Epicurus"，There are probably other notes from the same period，But has been lost。At the same time，He was No. 1 again、2、End of Volume 4 Notes，Leaved a few additions，MEGA2 included it in "Epicurus Research Fragments" and published it separately。It can be seen from the new notes，Marx seems to have wanted to understand the Stoics of the Hellenistic period、Sceptics’ evaluation of Epicurus’ philosophy，And the overall relationship between Hellenistic philosophy and previous philosophy。But during the excerpt，What repeatedly attracted his critical interest was the natural philosophy of Epicurus，Especially the atomistic point of view。His excerpts from Stobe and Clement of Alexandria illustrate bet365 joining bonus code point in particular。Marx proposed: “Epicurus’ natural philosophy is basically that of Democritus，And the moral rules are similar to the Cyrenaic ethics。”However，Marx also discovered a key point between Epicurus and Democritus in bet365 joining bonus code "basic" theoretical similarity，That is, the law of atoms deviating from a straight line and deflecting。Actually，Hegel also mentioned bet365 joining bonus code view of Epicurus in "Lectures on the History of Philosophy"，But he only identifies bet365 joining bonus code as Epicurus’ emphasis on contingency。Marx had a new understanding of bet365 joining bonus code，He believes that the significance of Epicurean atomic deflection theory is to advocate the freedom of anti-determinism。Marx added at the end of his previous notes on Volume 1: "The atom as the direct form of the concept，objectifies itself (vergegenst only in its immediate non-conceptuality (Begriffslosigkeit)?face to face ndlicht），bet365 joining bonus code also applies to philosophical consciousness，bet365 joining bonus code principle is the essence of philosophical consciousness。"bet365 joining bonus code passage means，Atoms originally only have abstract formal stipulations，Deflection does not even have a fixed rule，But atoms are precisely in bet365 joining bonus code unfixed state、Mutual exclusion in accidental activities，Thus turning itself into an object with special regulations，Exhibited as "the movement to break the shackles of fate"。In short，The skewness of atoms is not only anti-deterministic、accidental，And it is also truly individual、Free。And bet365 joining bonus code is where atomic deflection has something in common with "philosophical consciousness": philosophical consciousness should also be individual、Free。bet365 joining bonus code view formed the core of Marx’s doctoral thesis，And the contents of the notes from bet365 joining bonus code period are also clearly adopted。

The first half of 1840，Marx has clearly chosen the topic of his doctoral thesis as a comparison of the natural philosophy of Democritus and the natural philosophy of Epicurus，And his previous excerpts were all centered around the philosophy of Epicurus，bet365 joining bonus code requires him to add a batch of documents on the natural philosophy of Democritus。Judging from Marx’s later doctoral thesis，Almost all the information he cited on Democritus came from Aristotle's works (including "On the Soul", "Metaphysics", "Physics", "On Generation and Destruction", etc.) and Simplicius Sri Lanka、Themistius' "Commentary on Aristotle" and other related documents。It is speculated based on bet365 joining bonus code，Marx should have systematically excerpted these works of Aristotle。However，At present, only an incomplete set of notes on Aristotle's "On the Soul" has been preserved。Therefore，What other notes did Marx make during bet365 joining bonus code period，Whether it contains his new views on the philosophy of Democritus，No longer known。

Starting from the second half of 1840，Marx formally wrote his doctoral thesis，And completed the thesis at the beginning of the next year。April 1841，He sent his thesis to the University of Jena together with his application letter，later obtained a doctorate from the school。But the manuscript of the paper sent to Jena has been lost，The currently surviving version of the doctoral thesis was copied by others before the end of March 1841。Marx later revised bet365 joining bonus code draft，And drafted a new preface，Indicates that he intended to publish bet365 joining bonus code article at that time。What a pity，bet365 joining bonus code manuscript is also incompletely preserved。As can be seen from existing content，Marx further closely related Epicurus’ atomism to ethics，In his opinion，Self-awareness plays a role in the laws of atomic deflection。Marx pointed out，The reason why Epicurus did not recognize the eternity of celestial phenomena，It is precisely because "self-awareness regards celestial phenomena as its mortal enemy"。Motion in the atomic world was interpreted by Marx as the struggle between form and matter，The form of struggle "is self-consciousness itself"。In bet365 joining bonus code struggle，"Abstract、Individual self-consciousness objectifies its nature (vergegenst?face to face)”。Visible，Marx saw "the absolute nature and freedom of self-consciousness" from Epicurus's atomism and celestial theory，The "objectification of self-consciousness" reflects the spiritual essence of Marx's doctoral thesis，That is, through the struggle against the physical world，Acquire the understanding and realization of individual freedom。

　January to March 1841，Marx was completing or about to complete his doctoral thesis，Also left a new set of excerpted notes，The content is Leibniz、Hume、The works of Spinoza and Rosencrantz's "History of Kant's Philosophy"。MEGA2 included these notes together with the aforementioned notes on Aristotle's "On the Soul" in "Excerpts from the Works of Classical Philosophers"。Actually，bet365 joining bonus code new set of notes is not only on paper、Cover、The column division method and other aspects are obviously different from the previous notes，And the connection with the content of Marx’s doctoral thesis is not obvious。Therefore，bet365 joining bonus code is more likely Marx’s preparation for taking the subsequent teaching qualification examination。

　　(Author’s unit: Zhejiang City bet365 joining bonus code)