A basic feature of Western philosophy in the 20th century is that the philosophy of language replaced the philosophy of consciousness as the new paradigm of philosophical research。Corresponding to this，Language communication and meaning issues have become core issues in philosophical research。When communication theory views meaning as something people communicate through language，raises difficult questions about the nature of meaning。The difficulty lies in: on the one hand，bet365 bonus code 2023 language is related to the psychological activities or state of the person who is the language communicator，Related to external things；On the other hand，The meaning itself cannot be both of them，Because they are not things we can communicate through language。First，We cannot communicate our respective mental activities or states。A person cannot convey one’s own mental activity or state to others through language，Making others have the same mental activity or state。Secondly，We cannot communicate external things through language。According to the ancient Greek wise man Gorgias，We cannot tell others about the existence of things themselves through language。

On the question of the nature of meaning and its relation to mental and external matters，The views of Frege, the founder of linguistic analytic philosophy, are still very inspiring today。Frege used "a man observing the moon through a telescope" as an example，An analogy explains bet365 bonus code 2023 the word "moon" (proper name) and its relationship with related psychological things (representations) and external things (objects)。There are two types of imaging here，One is the image of the moon on the observer's retina，The other is the image of the moon on the internal objective lens of the telescope。Frege pointed out，On the one hand，Each person’s retinal imaging can only be owned and used by himself，Therefore，Retinal imaging is a completely subjective thing；On the other hand，Although compared to the moon itself，The image of the moon on the internal objective lens of the telescope is one-sided due to its dependence on the viewing angle，But still objective，Can be used by different observers。Frege compared the image of the moon on the observer's retina to the mental image a person has when speaking or hearing the word "moon"，Compare the image of the moon on the internal objective lens of the telescope to bet365 bonus code 2023 "moon"，Comparing the moon itself to the reference of "moon"。He used this to explain，bet365 bonus code 2023 a word (proper name) is neither the external object it refers to，It is not a relevant mental representation of a person，But something other than these two。The essence of bet365 bonus code 2023 a word lies in the special way of presenting its referent，This presentation method is both one-sided and objective。

Frege’s metaphor may lead to two misunderstandings about bet365 bonus code 2023 words: one is that words can have meaning alone，The second is that the essence of bet365 bonus code 2023 words lies in the way the object is presented to human senses。These two misunderstandings are related to each other，Because on the one hand，As Frege pointed out，It is the exploration of bet365 bonus code 2023 words in isolation that leads people to regard meaning as a mental representation；On the other hand，If meaning is the way the object appears to human senses，That meaning is exactly the mental image。Frege advocated，“Explore bet365 bonus code 2023 words in the context of sentences rather than in isolation”，This principle is often interpreted as the principle of holism，That is, bet365 bonus code 2023 the sentence determines bet365 bonus code 2023 the words appearing in it。But actually，Frege’s real point is，The relationship between sentence meaning and word meaning is not the relationship between whole and part in the usual sense，But consistent or corresponding relationship。"For proper names，Meaning is the way the object is presented。Objects will be rendered differently，Corresponding to each presentation mode is a special meaning of the statement containing the proper name。”If bet365 bonus code 2023 a proper name is regarded as the way the object is presented to the senses，It is difficult for us to understand its consistency or correspondence with bet365 bonus code 2023 the sentence，Because the latter is certainly not something we can grasp with just our senses。But，If we regard bet365 bonus code 2023 proper names as the way objects are presented to the intellect，Then this consistency or correspondence will become simple and clear。An object always appears to our senses as a mere individual thing，A thing that can be referred to by an isolated word (name)。But，When an object is presented to our intellect，It appears as something under a certain general concept and in a relationship，A thing that must be stated by a statement rather than just referred to by a name。On the one hand，When we state an object through statements，We express a thought about that object，This idea is bet365 bonus code 2023 the statement；On the other hand，The way an object appears to the intellect is bet365 bonus code 2023 its proper name。Therefore，bet365 bonus code 2023 the proper name and bet365 bonus code 2023 the sentence are consistent。

Now we can say，The reason why bet365 bonus code 2023 proper names is objective，Because bet365 bonus code 2023 the sentence corresponding to it is that the thought is objective。The basis of the objectivity of thought is not external objects but reason。“I understand objectivity as being independent of our feelings、Intuition and imagination，Understood as a mental construct independent of sensory memory，rather than being independent of reason。”Reason connects thoughts and truth to form knowledge，Also associate thoughts with each other，Make them regular and objective things。

Frege regards sentences (assertive sentences) as proper names，Think of thoughts as bet365 bonus code 2023 sentences，Think of truth values ​​(true and false) as references to sentences and thoughts，This approach has been criticized by some Frege experts including Dummett。In Dumit’s opinion，Frege went astray in treating sentences as proper names，This caused him to lose an important insight into the context principle，That is, sentences rather than words are the smallest unit of language meaning。The author thinks，As long as we do not regard the relationship between sentence meaning and word meaning as a relationship between whole and part，You will find out the truth、The point of view pretended to be the reference of sentences and thoughts is actually a very original and far-reaching point of view。Only all true thoughts point to the same truth，It is possible to establish a necessary logical correlation or logical law between them，It is also possible to have logical proof of thoughts。Obviously，This self-identical truth must be independent of any thought。or，Truth must be the common referent of all true thoughts rather than their individual attributes。When a law of thought only focuses on the relationship between thought and truth without taking into account the special content and object of thought，It is the most general law of thought，It is also the most general law of truth。

Don’t confuse thoughts and their laws with our thinking activities and their laws，Don’t confuse truth and its laws with our judgment (as truth) activity and its laws，Don’t confuse logical things with psychological things。Thoughts and thinking activities are two completely different things。bet365 bonus code 2023 thoughts as statements，As something we express and communicate through language，Be objective，Does not rely on any mental activities including thinking activities。We grasp rather than generate thoughts through thinking activities。Thinking activities are natural events that occur in time，Thoughts are eternal conceptual entities。Just as thoughts do not depend on our thinking activities，The truth of thought also does not depend on our judgment activities。Whether we judge the Pythagoras theorem to be true or false，Doesn’t affect its truth。

Judgment activity is a psychological activity，Obey psychological laws。And psychological laws are also empirical natural laws，The latter is a general characteristic of natural phenomena，Causal explanations for natural phenomena can be derived from it。Therefore, the causal explanation for judgment activities can be derived from psychological laws，This kind of causal explanation cannot serve as a logical proof and defense for the judgment result，Because no matter whether the result of the judgment is correct or wrong，There are reasons for judging activities。Just as truth is different from the activity of judgment，bet365 bonus code 2023 truth are also different from bet365 bonus code 2023 judgment activities。bet365 bonus code 2023 truth are not psychological laws but logical laws，Not the law of facts but the law of ideas，Not an empirical law but an innate law。

As a purely logical law，The law of truth is not a normative rule for our thinking and judgment activities，But such regulations can be derived，Or it can be used as such a provision。Normative regulations derived from bet365 bonus code 2023 truth are generally，If we want to reach the truth，Our thinking and judgment activities must obey bet365 bonus code 2023 truth。It is in this sense，Frege said that logic can also be called a normative science。The problem now is，Since our thinking and judgment activities obey psychological laws，How can they be required to obey normative regulations derived from logical laws that are fundamentally different from psychological laws？The answer to this is，Although psychological laws are different from logical laws，But this does not mean that it contradicts bet365 bonus code 2023 logic。In other words，Although thinking and judgment activities that follow psychological laws do not always follow logical laws，But it does not always or necessarily violate bet365 bonus code 2023 logic。It can be said，bet365 bonus code 2023 logic are bet365 bonus code 2023 pure intellect and rational activities，Psychological laws are bet365 bonus code 2023 human intelligence and rationality under the conditions of sensory experience。On the one hand, our senses provide perceptual materials for reason and rational activities，On the other hand, it will also interfere and mislead them，Make them violate bet365 bonus code 2023 logic。The reason why it is possible for us to obey bet365 bonus code 2023 logic，Because as a rational being，We have independence and freedom that are not determined by the conditions of perceptual experience。There is no such independence and freedom，Our cognitive activities become simple natural events，Knowing the truth becomes a completely accidental and "lucky" matter。

　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 bonus code 2023, Suzhou University)