1543，Copernicus published "On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres"，Generally believed，This is the sign of the birth of modern bet365 apuestas。Since then，Modern bet365 apuestas as a "divided bet365 apuestas"，In Astronomy、Mechanics、A series of important achievements have been made in biology and other fields。On the one hand，Newton’s laws of mechanics、Mendel’s Law of Inheritance、Einstein’s mass-energy equation and other scientific laws，Demonstrated scientific precision、Specific、Concise theoretical image；On the other hand，bet365 apuestas-based knowledge movement，Produced the birth of abundant material civilization，Shows scientific efficiency、Powerful、Active practical image。However，When contemporary technologies developed based on modern bet365 apuestas (such as genetic technology、Artificial intelligence, etc.) push humanity as a whole to "post-humanity"，We urgently need to understand the historical evolution of the image of bet365 apuestas，Reconstructing an appropriate understanding of bet365 apuestas。

　　The classic image of bet365 apuestas and its difficulties

Determine “what is bet365 apuestas，The question "What is not bet365 apuestas"，Successively defeated by Comte、Russell、Wittgenstein、Slick、Discussed extensively and deeply by modern philosophers such as Reichenbach。In the world of scientific philosophy in the 20th century，Popper、Kuhn、Lakatos and Feyerabend also left several important works for this purpose。It can be seen from this，Understand what bet365 apuestas is、It is very necessary to grasp the importance of the image of bet365 apuestas。

In a sense，With the twists and turns of modernity，bet365 apuestas has completed the self-construction of its classic image。bet365 apuestas is right，Even the only correct knowledge，It is a rational enterprise，Is the objective truth about the natural world，is neutral、Nothing to do with value，Wait。Looking back，These classic descriptions owe their first debt to Francis Bacon and his "New Instruments"，The establishment of Newtonian mechanical system further strengthened the above impression。Bacon is an empiricist who holds the position that "bet365 apuestas originates from observation"，However，These classic descriptions of bet365 apuestas，Faced with explanation difficulties。

　1950s，N. R.Hansen proposed the famous "observation penetration theory" proposition，Think that there is no theory (concept、Observations infiltrated by standpoints, etc.) do not exist。In layman’s terms，What we see is actually explained by theory，There is no pure "line drawing" observation。Chalmers pointed out in "What is bet365 apuestas"，People today view bet365 apuestas as “something special”，They adhere to the common sense judgment that "bet365 apuestas is knowledge derived from empirical facts"，Once the fallibility of observations is taken into account、The appropriateness of the experiment and many other factors，It can’t stand the scrutiny。According to Popper’s falsification theory，The truth of bet365 apuestas lies precisely in its fallibility，A proposition that cannot be overturned by any existing or possible conditions，It cannot be called a scientific proposition。The reason why the "Big Bang cosmology" is correct today，Because it is more geocentric、Heliocentric theory can better explain certain phenomena，And there is a possibility of being proven or disproven in the future。A more fatal impact on the image of classic bet365 apuestas，There is also the "Sokal Incident" at the end of the 20th century，It kicked off the "scientific debate"。Direct consequences of the debate，It has brought about significant changes in people’s mentality towards bet365 apuestas，Regard bet365 apuestas as the only truth、The attitude of worship is increasingly giving way to caution and scrutiny of bet365 apuestas。This change，Closely related to the penetration of postmodern philosophical trends into the field of natural sciences since the 1960s。

　　The rise of post-intellectual discourse

Post-knowledge discourse focuses on the multiple meanings of knowledge、Uncertainty and its socially constructed dimensions，Having "anti-logocentrism、Anti-foundationalism、Anti-meaning certainty” and other typical characteristics，Advocates that knowledge inherently contains "subversion、Deconstruction、Criticism、Destruction、Broken、Unknown、Contradiction、Difference、Complex、Multiple、Accidental" and other attributes。Affected by this，People’s understanding of bet365 apuestas has undergone major changes。

First，From internal history to external history。This is due to the pioneering work of sociologists of bet365 apuestas such as Robert Merton。The so-called "internal history" of bet365 apuestas refers to the history of independent development of bet365 apuestas。It treats bet365 apuestas as a self-sufficient closed structure，bet365 apuestas starts from basic concepts，With the support of specific experimental data，It is continuously evolved based on certain logic。Opposite，The "foreign history" of bet365 apuestas believes that the development of bet365 apuestas is related to various social factors (systems)、Faith、Tradition、Closely related to the influence of power, etc.。This "foreign history" turn，Emphasizes that any knowledge cannot truly be “value-free”，Knowledge always inherently contains power、Benefits、Ideological factors constitute an intellectual community。

Second，From Positivism、Representationalism turns to the methodology of construction。Postmodernism requires people to start from rationality-led、Freed from the traditional way of thinking based on logical reasoning，Intuition increasingly penetrates and focuses on the creation and practice of scientific knowledge、Inspiration、Imagine、Guess、Opportunity、Emotion、Interest and other non-logical forms，And by mythical stories、Scientific Fiction、bet365 apuestas Fantasy、Trial and error method、Creative thinking and forms dominated by divergent thinking，More emphasis on various irrational factors in invention and creation activities、Psychological factors、The importance of social factors。

Third，From correspondence theory to interpretation theory、Conventionalism。Postmodern epistemology rejects universally applicable pure knowledge，Think that all knowledge only has local or realm characteristics。bet365 apuestas uses hermeneutics、Self-evidence、Perspectivism and pluralism against representationalism and foundationalism。Understanding that knowledge and truth no longer focus on the object，bet365 apuestas depends on whether the subject can find the perspective and position to see the truth in the complex web of beliefs。

　Fourth，Promote a pluralist view of knowledge。In "The Postmodern Condition"，Lyotard emphasizes that bet365 apuestas is not a simple understanding、Theoretical issues of richness (more and less)，But it contains operations、Action、Practical issues in a series of processes such as perception。In other words，The question of truth and falsehood is only one aspect of bet365 apuestas，The problem of knowledge involves not only epistemology，It also involves axiology and aesthetic theory，All ways of living that involve the whole person。Of course，The above position of post-knowledge discourse，has its extreme and radical side，But it passes on essentialism、Monism、Criticism and alienation of logocentrism，Injecting vitality into alternative solutions to the problem of "scientific demarcation"，And promote the contemporary scientific outlook from "monistic defense" to "multiple understanding"。

　　Constructing a three-dimensional image of contemporary bet365 apuestas

Multiple perspectives of post-knowledge discourse，Three-dimensional images that help establish contemporary bet365 apuestas，Thus achieving a more systematic approach to bet365 apuestas、Comprehensive understanding。The first is knowledge body bet365 apuestas。It means that bet365 apuestas is a system of knowledge，It is the result of human understanding of the natural world and the relationship between the two。This knowledge system consists of a series of basic concepts、Category、Proposition、Theorems and other compositions，The logic of each element within the system is self-consistent (in the event of a conflict，Often the direct cause of major new breakthroughs in theory)。Intellectual History，This image of bet365 apuestas is the oldest，Also the strongest。However，Today，Knowledge body bet365 apuestas can no longer satisfy people’s complete understanding of bet365 apuestas，We also need to learn from the bet365 apuestas of moving bodies、Perspective of institutional bet365 apuestas。

　The second is activity bet365 apuestas。It views bet365 apuestas as a specifically human practice，Scientific experiments are its main form。Influenced by Foucault and other neo-Nietzscheans，Joseph Rouse uses the laboratory as the setting in "Knowledge and Power"，Shows the practical characteristics of bet365 apuestas at the micro and macro levels from the perspective of power/knowledge。In the later "Network Actor Theory"，Latour completely dismantled the "high wall" between the laboratory and the outside world，All human and non-human elements in scientific experimental activities，Connected into a huge scientific practice network system，Both natural elements and social factors participate equally in the scientific practice process，It is a "dance of power"。

Finally, institutional bet365 apuestas。It means that bet365 apuestas is an aspect of the establishment of human society，Creation around scientific knowledge，An extremely complex production system has been formed。Mid and late 19th century，Humanity gradually enters the era of "big bet365 apuestas"。bet365 apuestas as a profession，With a more formal organization，School、Society、Foundations have been established one after another。Corresponding to this，Promote、Specification、Various legislation regulating and controlling scientific activities、Management、Planning、Reward and other scientific systems have been introduced，Eventually formed a large and relatively independent scientific establishment，And present its unique spirit、Goals and values。It is related to the political system of a society、Cultural system、Economic systems stimulate each other，Determines the depth and breadth of human civilization’s progress。Therefore，We need to get out of the traditional perspective of bet365 apuestas，In the broad context of post-knowledge discourse，Constructing a new image of contemporary bet365 apuestas。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Jiangsu Provincial Social bet365 apuestas Fund Key Project "Research on Postmodern Thinking and Scientific and Technological Innovation" (16ZXA002)

(Author’s unit: Department of Philosophy, Nanjing Normal University)