1543，Copernicus published "Celestial Operation Theory"，It is generally considered，This is a sign of the birth of modern science。Since then，Modern science as "Division to Division"，In astronomy、mechanics、Biology and other fields have achieved a series of important achievements。One aspect，Law of Newtonian Liase、Montel's Law of Heritage、Einstein Quality Energy equation and other scientific laws，Show science and precision、Specific、Simple theoretical image; on the other hand，Science -based knowledge movement，It has spawned the abundant material civilization，Show scientific efficiency、Power、Practical image that can move。But，Contemporary technology based on modern scientific development (such as genetic technology、Artificial Intelligence, etc.) When pushing humans as a whole to "postpone humans"，We urgently need to understand the historical evolution of the scientific image，Reconstruction of the proper understanding of science。

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Determine "What is science，What is not science "this question，Has been by Kong De、Russell、Vitgustein、Shi Lik、Lai Xinbaha and other modern philosophers have discussed extensively and in -depthly。In the 20th Century Scientific Philosophy Circle，Poper、Kun、Lakasus and Faya Bende also left several important works for this。This can be seen，Understanding what is science、The importance of grasping the problem of scientific image is very necessary。

In a sense，The twists and turns of modernity，bet365 Play online games Science completed the self -construction of its classic image。Science is correct，and even the only correct knowledge，Is a rational cause，It is an objective truth about the natural world，is neutral、It has nothing to do with value，etc.。Touring，These classic descriptions first benefited from Francis Bacon and its "New Tools"，and the establishment of Newtonian mechanics system further strengthened the above impression。Bacon is an empiricist who holds "science from observation" position，But，These classic descriptions of science，Facing the difficulties of explanation。

The 1950s，n. R. Hansen proposed the famous "Observation and Infiltration Theory" proposition，I believe that no theory (concept、Positions, etc.) The observation of infiltrated is not existing。Popularly speaking，What we see is actually explained by the theory，No pure "white traction" observation。Charmers pointed out in "What is Science"，Today people regard science as "a certain special thing"，The common sense judgment of "Science is knowledge derived from the facts of the empirical facts，Once you consider the error of observation、The appropriateness of the experiment and other factors，I can't stand the scrutiny。According to Poper’s proof theory，The truth of science is just wrong，It cannot be overturned by any existing or possible conditions，Nothing can be called scientific propositions。"Big Bang Cosmic theory" is correct today，Because it is more than the ground,、Renxin said to better explain certain phenomena，Possibly if there is a proven in the future。The classic scientific image constitutes a more fatal impact，And the "Soccal Bet365 lotto review Incident" at the end of the 20th century，It opened the prelude to the "scientific argument"。Direct consequences of the argument，It has brought a significant change in people's mentality，Science as the only truth、The attitude of worship of the top ceremony of the ritual is increasingly increasingly cautious and trial in science。This change，Paiders closely related to the penetration of modern philosophy in the field of modern philosophy since the 1960s。

　　The rise of the discourse after knowledge

After the knowledge, the words of knowledge focus on the diverse meaning of knowledge、Uncertainty and its social construction level，With "anti -Logic centralism、Anti -basicism、Determination of Anti -meaning "and other typical features，It is advocated that knowledge contains "subversion、Decodation、Critical、Destruction、Fragment、Unknown、Contradiction、Difference、Complex、Multiple、Occasionally "and other attributes。Affected by this，People have undergone major changes in scientific understanding。

First，Shig from internal history to foreign history。This is the pioneering work of scientific sociologists such as Robert Merdon。The so -called scientific "internal history" refers to the history of scientific independent development。It treats science as a closed structure of self -sufficient，Science starts from the basic concept，With the support of specific experimental data，Continuously performed according to a certain logic。On the contrary，Science "Foreign History" believes that the development of science and various social factors (system、Belief、Tradition、power, etc.) is closely related。This "foreign Bet365 app download history" steering，Emphasizing that any knowledge cannot truly have "value"，Knowledge always contains power、Interest、Ideological factors and constitute a community of knowledge。

2，Empiricalist、Methodism of Imageism Steering Construction。Postmodernism requires people to from rational -led、Liberation in the traditional way of thinking based on logical reasoning，The increasing penetration and attention intuition in the creation and practice of scientific knowledge、Inspiration、Imagination、Guess、Opportunity、Emotional、Interests and other non -logical forms，and by mythology、Science fiction、Science Fantasy、Trial and error method、Creative thinking and forms dominated by divergent thinking，Various irrational factors in invention and creation activities more、Psychological factors、The importance of social factors。

third，From conforming to the theory of transition to interpretation theory、Acting theory。Post -modern knowledge theory refuses to generally apply pure knowledge，Think that all knowledge has only local or territory features。It uses interpretation、self -explanatory theory、perspectiveism and diversified theory to oppose expressionism and basicism。Understanding knowledge and truth is no longer focused on objects，Instead, it depends on whether the subject can find the perspective and position of seeing truth on the complicated belief network。

Fourth，Promote the concept of pluralism。In "Post -Modern Status"，Liona emphasized that science is not a simple understanding、Theoretical problems of richness (more and less)，but contains operation、Action、Practical problems such as perception and bet365 Play online games other processes。In other words，The problem of authenticity is only one aspect of science，Knowledge issues not only involve epistemology，and involved value theory and aesthetic theory，All the way to survive the entire person。Of course，Post -knowledge discourse's above position，With its extreme and radical side，But it is through essentialism、One Yuan Theory、Criticism and alienation of Logos Centerism，Alternative solution to the "scientific boundary" problem injects vitality，and promote contemporary scientific concept from "one yuan defense" to "diversified understanding"。

　　Three -dimensional images of constructing contemporary science

After a pluralistic field of knowledge and discourse，3D image that helps to establish contemporary science，so as to achieve more systematic science、Comprehensive understanding。The first is knowledge and physical science。It means that science is a knowledge system，It is the understanding of the relationship between nature and the relationship between nature and the two。This knowledge system is based on a series of basic concepts、category、Proposition、Theorem, etc.，The logic self -consistent between the elements within the system (once the conflict occurs，It is often a direct cause of new breakthroughs in major theories)。In the history of knowledge，This image of science is the longest，It is also the strongest。But，Today，Knowledge Sports Science can no longer meet people's complete understanding of science，Also need to learn from activity science、Perspective of Sports Science。

Followed by activity science。It regards science as a specific human practice，Scientific experiments Bet365 lotto review are their main forms。The influence of New Nietzers such as Fuko，Joseph Rolls use laboratory as the background in "Knowledge and Power"，From the perspective of power/knowledge at the micro and macro level, the practical characteristics of science。In the later period of the "Network Action Action"，Latur completely demolished the "high wall" between the laboratory and the external world，Everyone and non -human elements in scientific experimental activities，Connected into a huge scientific practice network system，Natural elements and social factors are involved in the process of scientific practice equally，Is a "power dance"。

Finally, the system science。It means that science is an aspect of human society，Creation of scientific knowledge，Forms an abnormally complex production system。mid -late 19th century，Human beings gradually enter the "big science" era。Science as a occupation，With a more formal organization，School、Learn、Foundation will be established。Correspondingly，Promotion、specification、Various legislations of regulating and controlling scientific activities、Management、Plan、Reward and other scientific systems have been introduced one after another，Finally, a huge and relatively independent scientific system is formed，and present its unique spirit、Target and values。It and a social political system、Cultural system、Economic system, etc.，Determine the depth and breadth of human civilization。Therefore，We need to come out from the traditional perspective of science，Under the broad context of post -knowledge discourse，Build a new image of contemporary science。

　　(This article is the key project of Jiangsu Social Science Fund "Research on Postmodern Thinking and Scientific and Technological Innovation" (16ZXA002) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Nanjing Normal University)