In "bet365 bonus code 2023、Reason and Cause" (1963) in the article，Davidson proposed and defended a theory of explanation of bet365 bonus code 2023 that had an important influence on contemporary philosophy of bet365 bonus code 2023。According to this theory，bet365 bonus code 2023 explanation is a causal explanation，When we want to explain why a person does what he does，The reason why we appeal to him for doing that。Davidson believes，The reason for an bet365 bonus code 2023 is the desire-belief pair that the actor has when performing the bet365 bonus code 2023，This psychological pair is the cause of bet365 bonus code 2023，Also the main reason to rationalize actions，In Davidson’s words, “The chief reason for an bet365 bonus code 2023 is its cause”。

The ontological basis of Davidson’s bet365 bonus code 2023 explanation theory is his event ontology。According to this ontology，Events are changes in things in a specific time and space，It is a special item that cannot be repeated in the universe。Events can be divided into physical events and psychological events。If an event can be described in purely physical terms，It is a physical event，If an event can be described using mental words，It is a psychological event。bet365 bonus code 2023 is a type of event，The characteristic that distinguishes bet365 bonus code 2023 from non-bet365 bonus code 2023 events is the intentionality of bet365 bonus code 2023。Davidson believes，bet365 bonus code 2023 is human body movement，But not all body movements are actions，Some body movements are just non-bet365 bonus code 2023 events that happen to us。Only when a person is the agent of his body's movements，That is, only if his body movements can be described as "intentional"，Body movement is his bet365 bonus code 2023。

Davidson believes，Intention is the characteristic that distinguishes actions from non-bet365 bonus code 2023 events，But not the reason for bet365 bonus code 2023，Because the cause of an event can only be another antecedent event，And intention is not an event。The reasons for bet365 bonus code 2023 are the beliefs and desires possessed by the actor。Although beliefs and desires are not events in themselves，But states and tendencies，But their appearance in the agent is an event。The emergence of desires and beliefs are psychological events，bet365 bonus code 2023 is body movement is a physical event，This means，Psychological events can be the cause of physical events。In "Psychological Events" (1970)，Davidson proposed three principles about the relationship between psychological events and physical events。First，The principle of causal interaction: at least some psychological events are causally related to physical events。Second，The principle of the law of causality: wherever there is a causal relationship, there must be a law，Therefore, causally related events are subject to the laws of strict determinism。Third，Psychological Irregularity Principle: There are no strict deterministic laws according to which psychological events can be predicted and explained。

There are obvious inconsistencies in the above three principles。According to the first two principles，At least some psychological bet365 bonus code 2023 can be predicted and explained based on laws，But the third principle denies this。Davidson proposed anomalous monism or lawless monism to solve this problem。According to this theory，Every individual mental event is equivalent to an individual physical event。Says that there are no strict deterministic laws according to which psychological bet365 bonus code 2023 can be explained and predicted，It is equivalent to saying that there are no strict deterministic laws covering psychological bet365 bonus code 2023，That is, there are no psychological-physical laws of strict determinism。Then，What is the strict deterministic law underlying the causal relationship between psychological event A and physical event B？Davidson points out，That is the strict law of physics，That is, the causal law that associates physical event C and physical event B that are equivalent to psychological event A。Davidson believes，By anomalous monism，We can maintain both the inevitability of the physical world and the causal relationship between the physical world and the psychological world，Also maintain the freedom of the psychological world。In Davidson’s opinion，This is essentially Kant’s line。

The author thinks，There are substantial differences bet365 bonus code 2023 Davidson’s anomalous monism and Kant’s line。

First，Anomalous monism is essentially a kind of physicalism，Although not physicalism in the reductionist sense，Because it regards the entire universe, including human psychology, as composed of physical bet365 bonus code 2023 that obey strict physical laws。Davidson admits，In terms of claiming that all bet365 bonus code 2023 are physical bet365 bonus code 2023，Irregular monism is similar to materialism，The difference is that it rejects the argument of materialism，That is, psychological phenomena can be given physical explanations。In the author’s opinion，Compared with giving physical explanations to psychological phenomena，Equating all individual psychological bet365 bonus code 2023 with individual physical bet365 bonus code 2023 can be said to be a stronger form of physicalism，And physicalism does not belong to Kant’s line。

Secondly，Anomalous monism leaves no room for the freedom necessary for morality。Freedom has a double meaning in Kant。Freedom in the negative sense is willfulness (Willkür，The independence of the ability to choose) from the laws of nature，Freedom in the affirmative sense is self-discipline of the will，Is the cause of the existence of moral law。Anomalous monism only defends negative freedom in the Kantian sense，This kind of freedom is equated with "no rules"。“Generalizing human actions to psychological bet365 bonus code 2023，Replace freedom with irregularity，This is the description of my problem。Of course，Closer contact，Because Kant believes that freedom implies irregularity。”

Davidson’s bet365 bonus code 2023 theory focuses on the bet365 bonus code 2023 itself rather than the relationship between bet365 bonus code 2023 and ethics。In his opinion，Due to excessive focus on the connection between bet365 bonus code 2023 and ethics，The study of bet365 bonus code 2023 itself has been interrupted since Aristotle。In the author’s opinion，Due to the separation of bet365 bonus code 2023 theory and ethics，The factual issues that led Davidson’s theory of bet365 bonus code 2023 to focus only on the domain of bet365 bonus code 2023，ignoring the rights issue。

While Kant introduced the distinction between factual issues and rights issues into epistemology，Also transformed the physiology (physiologische) of empiricists (such as Locke) in modern epistemology into transcendental philosophy。In Kant’s view，Empiricists can only solve (explain) factual problems in cognition through empirical psychology，That is, the subject’s subjective possession of concepts，It cannot solve the problem of objective validity of the concept，That is, it cannot solve the problem of the subject’s right (legitimacy) to use concepts in objective knowledge，The latter can only be solved through rational criticism。The fundamental difference in epistemology between empiricists and Kant is，The former regards the cognitive bet365 bonus code 2023 only as the natural bet365 bonus code 2023 between subject and object，The latter believes that the cognitive bet365 bonus code 2023 includes the power bet365 bonus code 2023 between master and master。According to Kant’s point of view，The objective validity of knowledge is the inevitable universal validity，Universal validity is the validity for all cognitive subjects，That’s inter-subject validity。The subject-subject bet365 bonus code 2023 in cognition is not a factual bet365 bonus code 2023，It’s about rights bet365 bonus code 2023；Not a natural bet365 bonus code 2023，But a rational bet365 bonus code 2023。Cognition includes not only natural (causal) relationships，And includes rational (right) relationships，This is something empiricists have never realized。

Davidson sees similarities between epistemology and bet365 bonus code 2023 theory，Because he saw the similarity between knowledge and bet365 bonus code 2023，But he gave a pre-Kantian explanation of their similarities: "Both knowledge and bet365 bonus code 2023 force us to face the mind and body、The problem of the relationship between thought and the world。The physical world stimulates our senses，The result is a complex conceptual image of the physical world，By resorting to that image，We reason about how to achieve our goals through bet365 bonus code 2023。In consciousness，The physical world causes thoughts，In bet365 bonus code 2023，Thoughts cause changes in our physical environment。”Of course，It is also unfair to say that Davidson epistemologically ignores intersubjective relations at all。According to his "triangular relationship" theory，Only in a triangular relationship between (at least) two subjects and one object，It is possible to provide content for the subject’s words and thoughts。But，He explained both the subject-object relationship and the subject-subject relationship as natural (stimulus-response) relationships，Instead of rights relationship。

The claim that the primary reason for an bet365 bonus code 2023 is its cause involves a parallel series of confusions: the confusion of causes and reasons；Confusion between natural space and rational space；Confusion between explanation and defense；Confusion between factual issues and rights issues。The desires and beliefs of agents can indeed be used as subjective reasons to explain actions，But they do not therefore justify bet365 bonus code 2023。To rationalize an bet365 bonus code 2023 is to place it into a rational logical space，That is, being placed in rights relationships with other actors，Instead of just placing it in a natural space，That is, placed in the causal relationship with the actor’s subjective mental state。Only rational and objective reasons can become reasons。If the actor’s subjective desire becomes a rational reason for bet365 bonus code 2023，It cannot be a natural (psychological) cause with only subjective validity，And it must also be a rational reason with objective validity。Or，It must meet such rights conditions，Under these conditions，It can coexist with the desires of others according to the universal laws of freedom。Same，If the actor’s belief can rationalize the bet365 bonus code 2023，It cannot just serve as a tool to realize subjective desires，And must have the function of critically examining the rationality of desire itself。In other words，Beliefs cannot only reflect instrumental rationality，It must be based on practical reason，The content of belief cannot only be that the bet365 bonus code 2023 is in line with the actor’s subjective wishes，The bet365 bonus code 2023 must also be objectively reasonable and justified。

　(This article is a phased result of the Jiangsu Provincial Social Science Fund Project "Research on Contemporary Western bet365 bonus code 2023 Philosophy" (16DXZ002)

(Author’s Affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Suzhou University)