In recent years，In the field of public infrastructure construction and operation，Government and social capital cooperation model (also known as "public -private partnership"，PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP，The following referred to as "PPP") develops rapidly，Insufficient public funds、Promote economic transformation and achieve high -quality development、It plays an important role in promoting the transformation of government functions and the reform of the fiscal system。

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PPP is a mode that countries often use when building public infrastructure and providing related services，It is intended to encourage the private sector to use its own funds and professional knowledge，Participate in related activities。The so -called private sector is corresponding to the public sector，from personal、The sum of the economic department composed of family and private enterprises。The main features of PPP are four: first，Government and enterprises reach long -term agreements on public projects; second，Some traditionally moved by the functional tasks performed by public institutions to private enterprises; third，Attract social capital to provide funds for public infrastructure projects; fourth，Participants share risk together。During the specific application process of PPP，A design -construction -operation (DBO)、Design -Construction — Maintenance (DBM)、Construction — Operation -Transfer (BOT)、Design -Construction -Financing -Operation (DBFO) and Design -Construction — Financing -Operation — Maintenance (DBFOM)。bet365 best casino games Experience indicates，The use of PPP helps to strengthen the connectivity between each innovation system，It is one of the best economic organization forms that provide financial support for infrastructure and industrial project construction。

As early as the 1990s，UK、United States、France and Germany and other European and American countries have launched more than 2,700 PPP projects。These countries have a common feature of the use of PPP，That is to establish an orderly regulatory framework to manage the contract relationship between various departments，At the same time, consider the operating conditions in various fields as much as possible。Current，PPP is already in garbage treatment、Medical Care、Education、Airport facilities、Transportation (Railway、Highway) system and housing are widely used。In France、Germany、Austria、Italy、Brazil and other countries，PPP is regarded as one of the prerequisites for developing high -efficiency market economies。In Europe，PPP projects with widespread implementation of departments include education、Traffic and Medical。British for a long time using PPP，The country and the market are constantly adapting to the new PPP model and actively support the development of PPP。Since the PPP project was launched for the first time，It has become an effective tool for helping the government with public goods and services。In Denmark，A form of interaction between as a public sector and the private sector，PPP is used in the construction and development of many important large -scale projects in the country，Provided help for these projects to reach the expected level。In Ukraine，PPP use is considered to help the country to implement relevant policies，Improve social economy and living standards and bet365 live casino games realize the sustainable development of the country。New Zealand's market is small，But the role of PPP is continuously enhanced with the full support of the public sector。developing countries in South America and Africa，PPP has also received more and more attention。Chile uses various types of bilateral investment agreements and adopt "Development Unit" (UF) as a payment method in PPP projects，Provide basic income guarantee for enterprises involved in related projects，Successfully attracted foreign direct investment for the PPP project。Nigeria believes that the participation of the private sector is better to provide public services，Construction high -quality、Reliable ways to cost high -cost public infrastructure。

but but，In terms of PPP use，Countries still face some problems and challenges。For example，Some countries in Latin America have carried out PPP projects for more than 20 years，But related management rules and legislation still need to be further improved。The United States has a great potential in the application of PPP，But the United States opposes the use of PPP in social infrastructure projects，Because most benefits are reflected in tax preferential and commercial -oriented projects (such as transportation)。Financial market scale、Questions in the construction of the framework of law and regulatory rules，restricted the development of PPP in Africa。Russia also needs to further control social and political and legal differences、Improve the efficiency of the public sector and improve the investment environment，The development of convenience PPP projects。

　　Three advantages highlight

From the perspective of PPP -related practical activities carried out by relevant countries，This mode mainly has the following three advantages。

Bet365 lotto review First，Make up the capital gap in the construction and public service provision of public infrastructure。Some scholars believe that the use of PPP helps to obtain new research results and promote the spread of existing results，Help solve the problem of insufficient research funds and accelerate technological progress。First，The use of PPP can guide the private sector to release funds、Participate in the construction of high -quality infrastructure and share risks; second，The use of this model helps improve management efficiency、Reduce infrastructure construction and operating costs; finally，Using and developing new technologies through the PPP project，It can promote the spread of technological achievements of private sector。

2，Bring positive social impact。First，PPP is regarded as an alternative tool for the intervention of the public sector，The addition of the private sector can improve production efficiency to a certain extent，At the same time to ensure the efficiency of economic configuration; second，PPP is considered one of the key elements of providing high -quality public services and improving national competitiveness;，As a flexible and effective mechanism，PPP can promote economic development。

third，Improve the operating efficiency of the private sector and related projects。Some scholars believe that the use of PPP can reduce the uncertainty of future cash flow in the private sector and improve the transparency of its external financing，helps solve information asymmetry and improve investment efficiency。PPP is an effective tool for providing high -quality public services，It is conducive to allowing all parties to be able to manage risks to share project risks together。PPP helps to alleviate the shortcomings of the investment in private sector in emerging markets，to improve their investment bet365 best casino games efficiency。The public sector using PPP can control the cost more effectively、Diversified risks and increase transparency，At the same time, provide cooperation opportunities for the main contractor and various subcontractors。From the perspective of long -term effects，After investing in the PPP project，The operating performance of private enterprises will be improved，This kind of investment is generally beneficial to the private sector。

　　Potential risks cannot be ignored

We also have to see，While with multiple advantages，The use of PPP may bring a certain risk。

First，The cost and risk of PPP projects are higher。The establishment and management of PPP projects is often accompanied by higher transaction costs，This directly or indirectly damages the total efficiency income。On the one hand，If the project bid cost is too high，Potential bidders may dare to bid，Therefore, it brings adverse effects to the project in terms of feasibility。On the other hand，Some PPP projects need to rely on banks' high loans，This brings higher risks to private enterprises。

Next，Only through the use of PPP is not enough to make up for the shortcomings of public institutions in terms of ability。PPP project implementation requires supporting public institutions and legislative arrangements，and PPP will blur the role boundary between public and private sectors。If the roles of the public and private partners are not clear，There is a private interest for public funds、distorted market、Weaken the ability of the public sector。Some scholars think，Only fair negotiations in public institutions and private institutions，The negotiating procedure is not as long or cost -effective，Only suitable to choose PPP mode。

again，Although the delivery of PPP projects by fulfilling the contract agreed in the contract is a more potential and valuable bet365 Play online games project delivery method，But the potential of this method has not been fully exerted。This is mainly caused by two problems: on the one hand，It is not easy to make equality between public and private parties to ensure win -win; on the other hand,，Lack of proper public procedures to choose the most suitable performance method based on the specific conditions and the characteristics of the project。

Last，Some PPP projects have not achieved the expected effect and there is a possibility for the purpose of avoiding debt。Research indicates，PPP is more effective in middle -income economies than in low -income countries。In a low -income country，PPP projects have higher costs，The profit is also lower。For example，Practical Activities in India, indicate，PoP projects in rural areas can improve the living conditions of farmers' families，But there is a large gap between policy goals and actual effects。In some cases，Due to problems such as asymmetric information and inadequate embodiments, etc.，The expected effect of the PPP project will be offset by the defects of existence。Although many countries use PPP to build public facilities or provide public services，But the surge in the PPP project may bring fiscal problems or let the public system "fall into trouble"。，Not some countries prefer the PPP project because of their cheaper，but because the accounting rules allow the project cost from the account of the public institution，This can display lower debt levels。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Multi -dimensional poverty visual threshold -Pearl River -Xijiang Economic Belt Precision Poverty Alleviation and Poverty Alleviation Mechanism and Policy Research" (16CJL048)、Guangxi Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project "Research on Fairness and Efficiency Coordination Bet365 app download Mechanism in the Modernization of Guangxi Agricultural and Rural Modernization (18CJL002) in the process of modernization in Guangxi" (18cjl002)

(Author Unit: School of Marxism, Guangxi Normal University; School of Economics Management, Guangxi Normal University)