Common Sense，English work for common sense，The corresponding words in German are gemeinsinn，It is also translated as "common sense"。Common sense and morality are a manifestation of human ordinary rationality in the moral field。It complains with healthy rationality or healthy intellectual，The moral principles obtained from these capabilities are regarded as the first principle，I don’t think it is necessary to defend these principles in philosophy。This is the basic position of common sense and moral philosophy in Scottish Enlightenment，Main representatives are in Ride、Oswald and Biti。After the middle of the 18th century，The main works of this school are gradually spread to Germany，The theoretical opponents of Kant and Kant have had different effects。

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From the process of Kant in the process of seeking and establishing the highest principles of morality in the book "The foundation of Morality" (hereinafter referred to as the "foundation")，We can find the influence of common sense and moral philosophy in it。Kant's discussion starts from the concept of good will，Good will belongs to ordinary moral rational knowledge，Is a moral knowledge of common sense of non -philosophy。People only need to resort to common sense，No philosophical reflection，The will of goodness is unconditional good。Smart、talent、Decisive, etc. are not unconditional and good，They are only in a will to be good。The smarter the evil person、The more talented、The more decisive，Instead, it will make greater evil。Happiness is the same，Human happiness often comes from luck，instead of coming from the will bet365 Play online games itself is the will itself。On the contrary，The more a person receives the more natural care，The more you get，The easier it is to be arrogant。Kant quoted a word from Smith，​​"A rational and unbiased bystander"，When a bystander saw that the world's unparalleled people enjoy happiness，I will definitely not be satisfied。Even some character that has been highly respected by moral ethics such as restraint、Homemade and calm, etc.，constitutes the inherent value of human beings，They are only praised under the condition of good will。A calm villain is more terrible than a passionate villain。

These remarks from Kant，Especially his criticism of moral ethics，It may cause readers to question。Is it not good for restraint and self -control? Can restraint and self -control's character be combined with a villain?，These discussions in "The foundation" are made on the standpoint of common sense and morals。Common sense and morality Persist in the moral principles that directly perceive，Do not reflect on these principles。Common sense moral thinking，Good will itself is unconditional good，Statue and other character only combine with the will of good is good。Analysis of the principle of common sense and morality，It happens to be the work of philosophy。The analysis of philosophy starts with the good will of the good recognition of common sense and morality。Clarifying the concept of good will need to be through the three propositions of "obligation"，The principle of obtaining the will of good is the general law of the rules of the rules。Actually，People are also using this principle in daily life to judge their actions。such as，Can we make a false promise? This，People do not need more theoretical knowledge，No need to consider what consequences of a false promise will bring，You Bet365 app download can determine that making a false commitment is immoral。Even if someone makes a false commitment，He will also think，He just regards his actions as an exception of the rule，and are unwilling to act as a common rule。

So it seems，People can be based on common sense and morality in daily moral life，However, in fact, common sense and morality can not satisfy people’s rational questioning。Especially when a person conflicts with each other's pursuit of happiness and obligations，On the one hand, he recognizes the normativeity of his obligations，On the other hand, I feel the strong desire to pursue happiness。He will think about，When facing this conflict，Where does the regulatory requirements of obligations come from? To understand the doubts of this standardized source，He needs to get out of common sense and morality，Help philosophy。If philosophy cannot do this，So he can easily be occupied by fate theory，Even moralism and suspicion。

Kant divided the moral philosophy into three types in "The foundation": popular moral philosophy、Moral metaphysical and purely practical criticism。What can be determined is，Popular moral philosophy is the position of some moral philosophers of Kant's contemporaries。What needs to be explored is，What is the relationship between the morality of popular moral philosophy and the morality of Kant and the foundation of school lays laid in school。Popular moral philosophers, such as Feld and others, treat the pursuit of happiness as the basis for the principle of morality，Trend moral concepts such as obligations as empirical concepts，and use an example or role model to explain the concept of obligation。Kant thinks，This approach is fundamentally wrong，It is also impossible to answer questions of normative sources; seeking moral principles cannot Bet365 lotto review be performed in an experienced way，should seek in pure rationality in a congenital way。Only in this way can you find the true highest principle of morality，can also answer questions about the source of normative sources。Therefore，Although popular moral philosophy represents a typical position of thinking about morality in a philosophical way，But from Kant's view，This position chooses a completely wrong direction，It not only cannot find the true highest principle of morality，It is impossible to answer the normative sources of normative sources that make common sense and morality are confused，It is even easy to make suspicion.。

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Real moral philosophy should be morality and go to school，It is based on the problem of morality based on pure rationality，Build the core concept of morality on the basis of pure rationality rather than experience。In the field of morality and school，Kant respectively from the form of the standard、The three aspects of the material and complete regulations gradually reveal the highest principle of morality。These principles express the highest principle of the same morality from different aspects。Although they did not directly answer the sources of moral normative source，But what is the principle of our actions to us。That is to say，Where is the good body of the will? Its standards have general laws in form，In terms of material, human nature as its own restrictions，Coordination with a possible purpose of the Kingdom of Objectives in complete regulations。Exploration of these principles does not solve the doubts of the sources of normative，But it makes people understand what content these principles have，and the difference between them and others that are not real moral principles。Although these explorations have left bet365 live casino games common sense morals，But back to common sense morality，The effect achieved is to make philosophical reflection on the concept and principles recognized by common sense and morals。

Moral metaphysics and school, although in detail the principles of the good will that common sense and morality believe in，But it has not solved the problem of normative sources that people feel doubtful in common sense and morals。People believe that a good will itself is good，This kind of good is not conditions for any consequences，People also recognize the principle of good will to follow，However, there are still doubts: when the pursuit of happiness and conflict between the pursuit of happiness，and the former's voice is so strong，How do we understand the latter's specification requirements。If philosophy cannot explain where this standardized requirement originated from，Even like popular philosophy，Putting the concept of obligations in experience，So we can easily be attracted by the former，The principle of action for pursuit of happiness，The opposite of the will of good will。

Questions about the sources of normative sources are required to transition from morality to school to pure practice rational criticism，Criticize the practical ability of the subject。The core of critical is to point out the boundary of the practice philosophy。The concepts and principles revealed by moral metaphysics are not the concepts and principles of the super sensor in the phenomenon。If the practice philosophy is trying to find an empirical description from the phenomenon for these concepts and principles，So this description is beyond the boundary of practical philosophy。Keep yourself in the boundary of the super sensory official，is a task for purely practical rational criticism。Specifically，bet365 Play online games Practical philosophy always hopes to seek the basis for morality and freedom to seek basis，Try to seek our interest in obeying the laws of morality。But，The law of morality can only be based on freedom，outside freedom，There is no other basis for moral laws; freedom can only be based on moral laws.，outside the law of morality，Freedom is not based on it; as a rational existener，People must be interested in the law of morality，But he can't explain this interest。When people try to do this，It is easy for him to explain the reasons why we obey the laws of morality from empirical concepts such as happiness and pain。Practical philosophy maintains itself within this boundary，Resisting the invasion of the empirical factor on the moral territory，Exit the theory of fate from this pure territory。The relationship between freedom and moral laws proposed by Kant is based on the mutual basis of the law of morality，It seems to be in a dilemma that can't get rid of a cycle，Until "Practice Practice Criticism" Publishing，He only clarified this problem。

When people are facing the temptation of happiness，Will doubt the normativeness of the law of morality。Fortunately，Purely practical rational criticism reveals the normative source of moral laws，That is, in addition to being in the sensory world，Also with the identity of the super sensory world。From the latter,，He must be interested in moral laws。People insist on obeying the law of morality regardless of the temptation of happiness，It is to maintain the identity of your super sensitivity world。Common sense and morality not only recognize this criticism，And critical makes the principle of common sense morality more stable。At the same time，Common sense and morality also makes the moral doctrine of philosophy less abstract，Let people better understand the moral doctrine of philosophy。

　　(This writing idea is inspired by Professor Zhang Renzhi，Thank you for。）

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at Sun Yat -sen University)