Common sense，English for common sense，The corresponding word in German is Gemeinsinn，Also translated as "common sense"。Common sense morality is a manifestation of human common reason in the bet365 champions league field。It appeals to healthy reason or healthy intellect，Consider the bet365 champions league principles derived from these abilities as first principles，Does not think it necessary to defend these principles philosophically。This is the basic position of common sense bet365 champions league philosophy in the Scottish Enlightenment，The main representative is Reed、Oswald and Biddy。After the mid-18th century，The main works of this school gradually spread to Germany，Have different influences on Kant and Kant’s theoretical opponents。

　　bet365 champions league cannot solve the problem of normative sources of obligations

From the process of Kant seeking and establishing the highest principle of morality in the book "The Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals" (hereinafter referred to as "The Foundation")，We can find the influence of common sense bet365 champions league philosophy。Kant’s discussion starts from the concept of good will，Good will belongs to ordinary bet365 champions league rational knowledge，It is a kind of non-philosophical common sense bet365 champions league knowledge。People just need to appeal to common sense，No need for philosophical reflection，You will agree that good will is unconditional good。Smart、Talent、Decision and so on are not unconditionally good，They are good only insofar as a will is good in itself。Those who do evil are smarter、The more talented you are、The more decisive you are，On the contrary, it will do greater evil。The same is true for happiness，Human happiness often comes from luck，Rather than coming from a will that is good。Opposite，The more blessings a person receives from nature，The more you get，On the contrary, it is easier to be arrogant。Kant quoted Smith，“A reasonable and unbiased bystander”，When such bystanders see the immoral people enjoying happiness in the world，Definitely not satisfied。Even some characters highly praised by virtue ethics such as temperance、Self-control and calmness, etc.，Constitutes the intrinsic value of a person，They are praiseworthy only under the condition of good will。A calm villain is more terrifying than a passionate villain。

These remarks by Kant，especially his criticism of virtue ethics，May cause readers to question。Aren’t temperance and self-control good in themselves？Can temperance and self-control be combined with a villain？Actually，These discussions in "Foundation" are made from the standpoint of common sense morality。Common sense morality adheres to directly perceived bet365 champions league principles，Not reflecting on these principles。Common sense bet365 champions league opinion，The will of good is itself unconditionally good，Characters such as temperance are good only when combined with a good will。Analysis of the principles of common sense morality，It happens to be the work of philosophy。Philosophical analysis starts from the good will recognized by common sense morality。To clarify the concept of good will requires the three propositions of "out of obligation"，The principle of obtaining good will is the conclusion of the universal lawfulness of maxims。Actually，People also specifically use this principle to judge their actions in daily life。For example，Can we make a false promise？To this，People don’t need more theoretical knowledge，No need to consider the consequences of making a false promise，You can judge that making a false promise is unethical。Even if someone makes a false promise，He will think so too，He only sees his actions as exceptions to the rule，And do not want its actions to become a universal law。

It seems like this，People can just base themselves on common sense morality in their daily bet365 champions league lives，However, in fact, common sense morality cannot satisfy people’s rational questioning。Especially when one’s pursuit of happiness conflicts with the requirements of duty，On the one hand, he recognizes the normative nature of obligations，On the other hand, I feel the strong desire to pursue happiness。He can think，When faced with this conflict，Where do the normative requirements of obligations originate？To answer questions about this normative source，He needs to step out of common sense morality，Turn to philosophy。If philosophy cannot do this，Then it is easy for him to be possessed by fatalism in confusion，Even towards bet365 champions league skepticism。

Kant divided bet365 champions league philosophy into three types in "Foundation": popular bet365 champions league philosophy、The Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Pure Practical Reason。What is certain is，Popular bet365 champions league philosophy is the position of some bet365 champions league philosophers of Kant's contemporaries。What needs to be discussed is，What is the relationship between popular bet365 champions league philosophy and Kant’s foundational work on bet365 champions league metaphysics。Popular bet365 champions league philosophers such as Field and others regard the pursuit of happiness as the basis of bet365 champions league principles，Consider bet365 champions league concepts such as obligations as empirical concepts，And explain the concept of obligation through the role of examples or role models。Kant believes，This approach is fundamentally wrong，Cannot answer the question of normative sources；The search for bet365 champions league principles cannot be conducted empirically，It should be sought a priori in pure reason。Only in this way is it possible to find the highest principle of true morality，Only in this way can we answer the question of normative sources。Therefore，Although popular bet365 champions league philosophy represents a typical position of thinking about morality in a philosophical way，But in Kant’s view，This stance takes the completely wrong direction，Not only is it unable to find the highest principle of true morality，Also unable to answer the question of normative sources that confuses common sense morality，It is even easy for skepticism to take advantage of the situation。

　　Philosophical analysis reveals the basis of bet365 champions league law

The true bet365 champions league philosophy should be bet365 champions league metaphysics，It is the basis for thinking about morality from pure reason，Based the core concepts of morality on pure reason rather than experience。In the realm of bet365 champions league metaphysics，The form of Kant’s maxim of distinction、Three aspects of material and complete regulations gradually reveal the highest principle of morality。These principles express the same highest bet365 champions league principle from different aspects。Although they do not directly answer the question of the normative source of morality，But reveals to us what are the principles by which we act。In other words，Where is the goodness of the good will reflected？Its principles are universally legal in form，Taking human nature as its own material limitation，Coordinate with a possible kingdom of ends in complete specification。The exploration of these principles does not resolve the doubts about the source of normativity，But it makes people understand more clearly what these principles actually contain，And how they differ from other principles that are not really bet365 champions league。Although these explorations leave common sense and morality，But back to common sense morality，The effect achieved is a philosophical reflection on the concepts and principles actually recognized by common sense morality。

Although the metaphysics of morals demonstrates in detail the principle of good will that bet365 champions league believes in，But it does not solve the problem of normative sources that people wonder about in bet365 champions league。People believe that a good will is itself good，This kind of goodness is not conditional on any consequences，People also realize the principles followed by good will，However, there are still doubts: when there is a conflict between the pursuit of happiness and obligations，When the former’s voice is so strong，How do we understand the latter’s normative requirements。If philosophy cannot explain where this normative requirement originates，Even like popular philosophy，Place the concept of obligation in experience，Then we are easily attracted by the former，Take the pursuit of happiness as your principle of action，The opposite of the will towards good。

The questioning of the source of normativity requires the transition from bet365 champions league metaphysics to the critique of pure practical reason，Criticize the subject’s practical rational ability。The core of criticism lies in pointing out the boundaries of practical philosophy。The concepts and principles revealed by bet365 champions league metaphysics are super-sensory concepts and principles that are not in phenomena。If practical philosophy attempts to find empirical explanations for these concepts and principles from phenomena，Then this explanation goes beyond the limits of practical philosophy。Keep yourself within the boundaries of the supersensible，It is the task of criticism of pure practical reason。Specifically，Practical philosophy always hopes to find a basis for bet365 champions league law and freedom，Attempting to seek our interest in obeying the bet365 champions league law。However，bet365 champions league law can only be based on freedom，Beyond freedom，There is no other basis for bet365 champions league law；Freedom can only be based on bet365 champions league laws，Outside the bet365 champions league law，Freedom has no basis；As a rational being，People must be interested in bet365 champions league laws，But he could not explain this interest。When people try to do this，He can easily explain our obedience to bet365 champions league laws from empirical concepts such as pleasure and pain。Practical philosophy maintains itself within this boundary，It resists the invasion of empirical factors into the bet365 champions league territory，Drive fatalism out of this pure realm。The interdependent relationship between freedom and bet365 champions league law proposed by Kant here，Seemingly trapped in an inescapable cycle，Until the publication of "The Critique of Practical Reason"，He just further clarified the issue。

When people face the temptation of happiness，Doubt the normativity of bet365 champions league laws。Fortunately，The Critique of Pure Practical Reason Reveals the Normative Source of bet365 champions league Law，In addition to being in the sensory world，Also has the identity of the super-sensory world。From the latter perspective，He must be interested in bet365 champions league laws。People insist on obeying bet365 champions league laws regardless of the temptation of happiness，Precisely to maintain one’s identity in the super-sensory world。Common sense morality not only recognizes this criticism，And criticism makes the principles of common sense morality more stable。At the same time，Common sense morality also makes philosophical bet365 champions league doctrines less abstract，bet365 champions league doctrine that allows people to better understand philosophy。

　　(The writing ideas of bet365 champions league article were inspired by Professor Zhang Renzhi，Thank you。）

(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 champions league, Sun Yat-sen University)