Whether it is in Hobbes’ writing,Still in Rousseau’s writing,Modern people have shown their terrifying side。To correct this image,Both Hobbes and Locke attempted to evoke some sense of universality,But in Rousseau's eyes, this universal consciousness is just "arty" and "vulgar" that erases all bonus bet365 and sincerity,And this stems from the cognitive rationality that smoothes everything。So,How to rekindle a passion in the hearts of modern people,A noble and sacred passion that comes only from the individual heart,And use it as a basis to rethink individual freedom of will,has become the key to diagnosing the ills of modern people’s daily lives。It is precisely because of the thinking about the (absolute) free will of the individual,Rousseau made in-depth reflections on the legitimacy of modern states,So much so that it ended the modern national consciousness from the perspective of contract theory in modern times。
From Hobbes to Rousseau, it shows a process of shaping oneself based on the active understanding of survival。We can view it as a path to continuously internalize the bonus bet365 and sanctity of faith。But the price is,In the process of internalization,bonus bet365 and sanctity may have been lost。For that matter,The noble and holy passion that Rousseau tried to evoke is exactly the response to the dilemma faced by modern people: although understanding reason eliminates the sublime and sacredness,But they are the never-ending impulses in the human heart,Then why don’t we sincerely face this dimension of our hearts,To re-endow modernity and modern society with a sense of bonus bet365 that possesses some kind of sacredness?
Rousseau once spoke of this sacred sense of bonus bet365 in terms of "free will" and "freedom of the will"。But,In terms of understanding rationality,It cannot be absolutely confirmed。Because of this,Rousseau refers to it as "Creed" in "Emile"。This point profoundly stimulated Kant’s thinking,So much so that in his foundational Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals,Simply regard freedom of will as the starting point of (human) reason,Thus regarding the laws of the will as "facts of reason"。This is bold,Also profound。The boldness lies in the fact that this "setting" directly leads the foundation of existing rationality to nothingness - after "God is dead",This may be the only way;It is profound because if modern people still have holiness at all,This is the fate of existence that it has to accept。Kant bravely took a step that his contemporaries could not take,But the result is that the bonus bet365 of modernity is placed in front of a dilemma that is always accompanied by "nihilism"。Even if the analysis of conscience leads to an objective、Capital Reason Itself,But this analysis cannot withstand rational examination,so that in Heidegger’s view,Discussing conscience in this way cannot solve the problem,On the contrary, we missed the ontological depth of conscience。
If Kant’s philosophy is regarded as the Enlightenment philosophy that ultimately laid the foundation for modernity,Then the pursuit from Hobbes and others to Kant is shown as a path for modernity (initially driven by national consciousness) to construct itself。The essence is to transform the bonus bet365 in faith into the bonus bet365 of free will,That is, the bonus bet365 of reason。But anyway,If modernity is confirmed only based on the free consciousness of bonus bet365 of modern individuals,The end is the deepest abyss of nihilism。And because of the nihilistic abyss of modernity,The consciousness of bonus bet365 in the modern individual is difficult to talk about: he may bravely convince himself of its bonus bet365 in the face of the abyss of nothingness,Or just look at itself as nothingness,His entire existence is a "game" facing nothingness。So,Modernity or modern society faces thinkers in a nihilistic situation,At the same time, it also raises this question to every modern person: In the context of modernity,How to have a subjective sense of bonus bet365 in modern survival that is different from just the sense of individual enlightenment?
At the origin of this problem,Hegel and Kierkegaard each give a way to deal with it。Since we only start from the individual’s free will and conscience,Modernity may face a situation of nothingness,Or facing the absolute beginning of evil,Then,If modernity has bonus bet365,Or the subjective individual and individual subjectivity cannot be regarded as absolute、The only starting point,Or it may be necessary to "establish" a higher and therefore absolute individual。The former means that bonus bet365 cannot be established entirely through individuals - not to deny individuals,Just saying that he is a link;The latter means that the bonus bet365 is presented in another dimension of existence of the individual - not denying the individual's free will and other subjectivities,It just means they are in a lower dimension of existence。So,We see the first road。Beyond the individual subjectivity and the subjectivity of the individual,There is a specific real life world (ethical world),Its individuality and subjectivity precisely need to show themselves in the living world,And only in the living world,Its individuality and subjectivity are realistic,Otherwise just as a possibility and abstraction。In other words,If individual will and subjectivity have bonus bet365,Then only in the real life world,Only this kind of bonus bet365 can exist in the form of bonus bet365。The bonus bet365 of individual existence can only be established in the real life world,It means that the real life world itself has bonus bet365。In such a consciousness of bonus bet365,Individual will and subjectivity contend with the bonus bet365 of reality、Build each other。It cannot be said that there is a pure bonus bet365 of the real world that is separated from individual will and subjectivity,It cannot be said that there is an individual empty will and subjective bonus bet365 that is separated from the real world。So,bonus bet365 becomes a process of infinite dialectical movement between the individual and the world,Past History、Survival now、The possibilities of the future are shrouded in the dialectical operation of bonus bet365 itself。
For individuals and the world to operate in bonus bet365 itself,Although one of the links is the individual will and its subjectivity,But putting aside the principle and looking at the specific level of survival,Individual will and subjectivity can only have bonus bet365 and meaning when they are dissolved into the whole。Exactly here,In concrete and practical individual existence,Kierkegaard reactivated the observation and thinking of "faith"。He accepted all Enlightenment criticisms of the traditional church belief model,but also pointed out,At any time,As long as faith is produced,It is in this absolute subjectivity that the individual establishes a direct relationship with God,This relationship is able to maintain itself in infinite possibilities relative to all actuality。He can bear all reality as a debt of sin,And be able to bear this responsibility,Enter a new relationship with God。So,Faith as absolute subjectivity and the guilt of existence,As a pair of existential dialectical relationships,Promote individuals to enter the real world again and again,At the same time, entering new possibilities again and again。If new and infinite possibilities are regarded as the state of bonus bet365,Individuals can also directly face the bonus bet365 on the basis of accepting modernity。
The dialectical path of bonus bet365 between the individual and the world (also the dialectics of reason) allows us to see the bonus bet365 of the real world,But this bonus bet365 is included in the dialectical relationship between the individual and God as a link in the dialectical path of survival between faith and sin。This is a way of looking at reason with faith。But,If the movement of bonus bet365 in the path of rational dialectics is regarded as the manifestation of God himself,Then the dialectical path of existence between the individual and God can be regarded as a path of looking at faith from a rational reality。But anyway,Faith is so personal,So much so that no matter from the perspective of individual subjectivity,Looking at it from the reality dimension of God’s appearance,It is something that modernity and modern life have to face;Likewise,The dialectics of reason are also so personal,So much so that no matter from the perspective of individual real life,Still from the perspective of reflection on the existence of God,It is also what modernity and modern life have to face。
In the path of faith and reason,The absolute subjectivity of faith is the starting point of everything。In the Age of Enlightenment,This starting point and the existential dialectic of sin allow us to obtain an absolute position in modernity。If you still have the courage to talk about the bonus bet365 in this era,Can also talk about a sense of bonus bet365,It must all be faced head on。In the path of rational observation of faith,God is the starting point from which reason can become alive again,This starting point and the path of speculation that unfolded from it broke through the enlightenment position that was only marked by the absolute establishment of the individual,Thus allowing reason to obtain a modern bonus bet365 position that is far different from the modern bonus bet365 position that only uses individuals and their subjectivity to confirm itself。Therefore,If there is any bonus bet365 in modernity,Reactivate rational thinking between the individual and the world,And the dialectical path of survival between faith and sin is the only choice。Regardless of faith and reason,Let’s look at faith with reason,They both remain as a pair of eternal tensions within the overall span of modernity and modern life within which God or bonus bet365 itself operates。The Enlightenment Movement driven and developed by the tension between faith and reason,Use reason to completely digest faith as your end,But the paradox is,If it still has bonus bet365,This pair of tensions and the overall life driven by it,It is bound to bring a more intense impulse for bonus bet365 and more profound changes of the times。
(Author’s unit: Institute of bonus bet365, Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)
Friendly links: Official website of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |
Website registration number: Beijing Public Network Security bonus bet365. 11010502030146 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: Beijing ICP bonus bet365. 11013869
bonus bet365 rights reserved by China Social Sciences Magazine. No reproduction or use without permission is allowed
Chief editor’s email: zzszbj@126.com Contact information of bonus bet365 website: 010-85886809 Address: Floor 11-12, Building 1, No. 15 Guanghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing Postal Code: 100026
>