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There is a deep similarity between the machine and the organic body，They are all composed of some parts of different functions，All have your own life cycle，will inevitably move towards functional abnormality and organizational disintegration。Therefore，Some philosophers (such as Descartes and Venna) advocate to understand the organic body through the machine，The concept of machine with organic bodies has been formed; other philosophers (such as Kangjirim and Simonong) tend to understand the machine by organic bodies，Developed the organic body concept of the machine。But，When they equate the machine with the organic body in different ways，But it violates a deep -rooted common sense: there is differences between machines and organic bodies。Because the purpose of the machine is the purpose of human setting，The purpose of the organic body is the internal，So the organic body has real energy，and the machine can only obey human will and commands。This is the case，The energy of thinking machine (and organic bodies) from the above two concepts，will draw some conclusions beyond common sense。They may help us think，In the era of machine strength seems to have autonomy，How should humans share with machines。

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Descartes is the originator of the concept of the organic body。He stipulates the mind as an entity that does not occupy any physical space，and let it withdraw from the material world，Including everything, including the body，All of them have become machines composed of various organs，Open the law of causality。The mind and machine are therefore two different entities。In "Talking Methods"，Descartes I want，Even if a machine looks like a human body，can even imitate human action，We can also distinguish between the two。First，Human beings can use language flexibly，But the machine can only bet365 Play online games say certain words in accordance with the set rules; second，Human has universal intelligence，The machine is better than people even in some specialized functions，But you can't do other things like humans。The reason why people have these unique abilities，It is in his rational soul; and the machine is lacking due to the lack of rational soul，Unable to make actions based on thinking and reasoning，"Their activities rely on not knowing，Just their component structure "。Descartes' idea，It marks the complete defeat of the natural view of the organism，But it also means that the popularity of humanism。On the one hand, he degraded the organic body (including animals and the body) as a machine，On the other hand, it gives humans the supreme superiority。The dignity of a person lies in his mind，The mind is capable; the world becomes a machine，Machine follow causality。

The era of machines is the era of control theory，Descartes' machine concept after the organic body is continued to be promoted，The theory of ontology of human superiority has been abandoned。1943，Nobot Virginone cooperated with other controlists to publish the famous paper "Behavior、Purpose and Purpose Theory "。They strengthened the concept of robotics: "The extensive behavior in animals and machines is similar。"They also subverted the proposition of human superiority: the purpose of the purpose of human beings is the negative feedback mechanism，Animals and machines also have the same。So，The rational ability of the soul is no longer unique to humans，enough complicated control theory machine can also master。On the eve of the rise of artificial intelligence，Venna imagination: "With the growth of colloidity and protein knowledge，Future engineers may try to design such a robot，It is not only in behavior，And structure is similar to mammals。"Viene is full of confidence，In his opinion, the capability of smart machines or Suberg，There is no difference between the energy of the organic body。This heralds the mockery of Humanist in "Computing Machines and Bet365 lotto review Smart" in "Calculation Machines and Smart" after a long time: Compared with smart machines，Humans do not have any innate superiority。With artificial intelligence defeating humans in chess and card games，We seem to no longer doubt，The machine will plug in the wings of energy，Reques humans from behind。

But，No matter how Wina regards the organic body as a machine，How to erase the innate superiority of human beings，He is still an old -fashioned humanist。In the era of large -scale application of social control and military at the beginning of control theory,，He talks about the crushing of machines on human freedom and personal rights in worries。This kind of concern is a variant of the technical phobia of the humanism。As Langdon Winner pointed out，The huge power of the machine has triggered concerns about the out of control of technology，The machine begins to be "portrayed as something that is almost life"，It "has the characteristics of life -consciousness、Will and spontaneous exercise，These characteristics make it relatively resistant to human society "。This technology has spiritualism often accompanied by a stubborn humanism，Machine power is regarded as alienation of human power。The more powerful the power of the machine we created，The more barren and drying our ourselves, the。The ideal of humanism is to make people the owner of the machine and nature，But in front of reality，The machine has obtained a kind of master -style power，People lose all autonomy。Machines are no longer a pure tool，Human beings are placed by the power of this alien、Promotion。

　　The organic body concept of the machine

It is based on the deep feeling of the power of the machine，The organic concept of the machine has quietly emerged，The concept of machine with organic bodies is widely questioned。Descartes and Wina trying to exclude the destination theory from biology，But the French scientist Kanggelim pointed out relatively，This is just a wrong hallucination。Condilam interpreted the text of the Descartes in detail，It is found that he cannot completely bet365 live casino games exclude the purpose of the purpose at all，Because mechanical theory can only explain how existing machines operate，But it is impossible to explain how the machine is built。Actually，Only understand the function and purpose of the machine，can enter the form and structure of the machine。If the purpose of the machine is recognized，It is necessary to understand the machine with an organic mode。Condilaim quoted the view of anthropologist Laruva Gulan: Technology as an organic substance，With its own evolutionary history。The machine is like an organic body，Adaptation to the environment of the environment，With your own purpose theory。We should not treat creatures as a mechanical phenomenon like control，should be regarded as a biological phenomenon。This is the case，The machine is the same as animals，Energy of some extent。

But，The energy of the machine is not a mysterious、Unbearable power。Luluwa-Gulan uses the technology of the technology and human complementarity to explain the evolutionary motivation of technology。Technical evolution is a departure from the inner environment，The process of grabbing the external environment gradually。The inner environment is the culture shared by the ethnic group related to technology，The external environment is the material environment and alien culture of an ethnic group。It is exactly the inner environment gives technology，and constantly convert it into an internal environment in the collision with the external environment。Different from Laruwa-Gulan as an anthropologist，As a technical philosopher, Simon Dong tried to demonstrate in the "On The Mode of Existence of Technical Objects"，The technical object continues to evolve with an independent logic，Human culture is not the source of intention of the technical object; on the contrary，Human beings are just executors of technical intentions。Where to，The machine has a stronger、More independent capacity。

Simon Dong is an individualized or concretize to conceptual technological evolution process，It presents a bet365 live casino games process from abstract to specific individuals。The most primitive technical individual is abstract，In essence, the translation of the material of scientific concepts and principles。Each of its components has its own unique and clear function，In order to achieve some purpose, mechanically gather together。The machine that fully evolved is specific，It is closer to the natural system of individual biological individuals。At this time，Internal resonance between the technical elements contained in the technical individual enhances，A technical element often has multiple functions，The same function can also be achieved by several collaborative technical elements, respectively。Simon Dong specially proves this point of view with the history of the engine。He thinks，The old -fashioned engine is abstract，and the contemporary engine is specific。Because each element of the old -fashioned engine has an independent function，After some moment of the thermodynamic cycle, they are involved，No longer effect on other elements。On the contrary，Various elements of modern engines affect each other，Pistons、cylinder head、The various characteristics of the spark plug and the thermal cycle of the engine，It is associated with each other like an organ of each other。Therefore，The evolution of technology is a specific process from abstract to specific，At the same time, it is also the process of continuous individualization of the machine。

Simon Dong has specially considered the relationship between technology and environment in the specific process。In his opinion，Technical individuals have their own related environment like biological systems (Associated Milieu)。During the specified process，Technical individuals increasingly using other natural things and technical objects as their self -maintenance conditions，instead of relying on manual intervention and artificial environment。In this process，The complex world department left by various technical objects，shows a process full of Bet365 lotto review success and failure。The technical object of the successful evolution always achieves better function and structural integration than its ancestors，Its technical function is further improved，Therefore, it becomes more specific and less abstract。Therefore，The specific process is also a technical individual adaptation、The process of absorbing and changing the environment。

　How to coexist with the machine

After outlines the concept of machine concept of organic body to the ideological history of the concept of organic body concepts，We may take this opportunity to re -reflect on the threat of the mobility of the machine's mobility to human freedom。The concept of the body with organism is always very contradictory to associate with humanistic values。Descartes and Vena while restoring the organic body as a machine，But the human value is placed in a lofty position。They all hold such a humanistic belief: confront the machine with humans，Let people become the owner of the machine，Not being slavered by a machine。Venna point out without worry，Mechanized development will make the entire world a superman -like machine，Bring a huge danger to humans。In order to leave space for personal rights and freedom，It is necessary to limit the application of machines in society。

Contrary to it，The concept of organic body of the machine indicates that a posthumanism value: The machine always collaborates with humans，The liberation of human beings is also the liberation of the machine。Simon Dong does not completely oppose humanism，But he fiercely criticized a superficial humanism。On the one hand, the latter regards the technical object as a meaningless material device (such as Descartes)，On the other hand, the machine is regarded as a thing that has hostile intent (such as Vena)。This is because it confronts culture and technology，However, technology just constitutes part of the culture。If you want to update humanism，You must bring technical nature into culture，So re -think of human alienation。From the perspective of Ximengdong，The root cause of alienation is the separation Bet365 app download of the use and construction of the machine，Labor becomes a negative operator of the machine，No longer actively participating in the construction of the machine、Invention and reconstruction。This means，To participate in the design of the machine，Integrate human and ecological needs into the specific process of machines，It will overcome the alienation of machines and humans。Therefore，The key to the problem is not to limit the application of the machine，Instead of redesigning and accelerating the application of the machine。

　　(This article is the "Research on the Modern Mobility in the Soul" (GD16XZX03) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: International Research Center for Analytic Philosophy of Beijing Normal University)