In modern normative ethics，Kantian ethics is often regarded as the most iconic representative of "deontology" (or deontology)。The reason why this definition can reach a general consensus in the academic community and continues to this day，The main reason is that Kant always places the "categorical imperative" of moral law at the core of practical philosophy，Making obligation a fundamental concept in the demonstration and expression of his ethical theory。In Kant’s Ethics，Whether it is the elucidation of the absolute goodness of good bet365 best casino games (free bet365 best casino games)，It is still a systematic construction of the theory of legal rights and morality，Nothing can be separated from obligations。Kant always understands and explains many elements of ethics within the framework of deontology，He formally stipulates the highest principle for all moral obligations that is consistent with self-discipline of the bet365 best casino games，That is, the practical requirement of the categorical imperative: "Act only in accordance with that maxim that you can at the same time willing it to become a universal law。”This “universal imperative of obligation” proposes that no matter what subjective code of conduct a person freely chooses or adopts，His actions must contain moral values，Must unconditionally comply with the provisions of "generalizable" formal laws。Based on this，Kant’s classification of specific types of obligations，Depending on the binding object，Moral obligations are divided into “duties to ourselves” and “duties to others”；Depending on the degree of binding，Moral obligations can be divided into "complete obligations" and "incomplete obligations"；And in virtue theory，Kant distinguished and discussed more special obligations more finely，Such as "complete and incomplete obligations to oneself", "duties of love and respect for others", "self-perfection" and "happiness of others"，etc.。

Of course，This is not to say that Kant was a strict deontologist，To simply and crudely reduce the complexity and diversity of human bet365 best casino games life to a specific type of obligation，Rather, Kant’s ethics contains a set of logically rigorous and well-structured deontological thinking framework。Behind this framework is always implicit Kant’s transcendental definition of bet365 best casino games obligations。Only by clarifying these core definitions，Only then can we truly clarify and grasp the ideological characteristics of Kant’s deontology。

To people，How is moral obligation possible？On the surface，It seems to be mainly derived from the objective practical requirements of moral laws and the subjective universal respect and recognition of moral laws by people as moral subjects。But in Kant，The key to establishing the concept of obligation is not limited to this，What is more important is the universal and inherent normative relationship between reason and bet365 best casino games。Kant believes，bet365 best casino games is essentially the ability to desire the existence of objects，The particularity is that it is "the ability to regulate one's actions according to the appearance of certain laws"。Since the binding source of moral law is pure reason，Reason and bet365 best casino games present an original normative relationship through laws。In Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals，Kant clearly divides this normative relationship into two different levels。

一，When reason is independent and completely determines the bet365 best casino games，The normative relationship between reason and bet365 best casino games embodied as identity。In other words，These two completely different functions from the traditional perspective were conditionally connected by Kant for the first time，At this time, "bet365 best casino games is nothing more than practical reason"。In this normative relationship，The bet365 best casino games directly determined by pure reason is not only equivalent to practical reason，The "pure bet365 best casino games" (reine Wille) which is self-discipline and freedom in itself，It has the power of universal legislation because it is independently determined by pure reason，Kant also regarded it as a "divine bet365 best casino games" or "divine bet365 best casino games"。However，It is also in this relationship，In fact, there is no possibility of establishing the concept of obligation。Because reason and bet365 best casino games are identical，Pure bet365 best casino games only takes universal formal laws as its only basis for determination，So for this kind of self-discipline bet365 best casino games that is unified with "self-legislation" and "self-obedience"，The moral law does not need to be enforced at all and is presented as a command，Naturally, there is no need to stipulate any moral obligations。

二，If reason cannot independently and completely determine the bet365 best casino games，The normative relationship between reason and bet365 best casino games appears as an innate comprehensive normative relationship。In this normative relationship，The bet365 best casino games that cannot be determined independently by pure reason is not only not confused with practical reason，And it is realistically manifested as the "impure" type of bet365 best casino games possessed by people。This "impurity" of bet365 best casino games is reflected in，Human beings are limited by their natural nature，What is held is an "accidental bet365 best casino games" that is always affected by natural preferences，That is, the subjective inability to always act in accordance with the objective requirements of moral laws，Sometimes even freely choose to deviate or abandon the moral law。Therefore，The moral law expresses compulsion and appears as an unconditional command to this "accidental bet365 best casino games"，Any special moral obligation with specific content originates from this。

It’s not hard to see，For Kant，The theoretical basis that makes moral obligations possible is the innate comprehensive normative relationship between reason and bet365 best casino games。But the problem is，Why did Kant pioneer the possibility of the identity of reason and bet365 best casino games，And distinguish a kind of communication with practical reason based on this，"Pure bet365 best casino games" which is different from "General bet365 best casino games"？To clarify the positive role of "pure bet365 best casino games" in defining moral obligations，It is also necessary to clarify the inherent doctrinal relationship between this special "pure bet365 best casino games" and the "general bet365 best casino games"。

Kant once regarded "the idea and principle of a possible pure bet365 best casino games" as the focus of his study of moral metaphysics，Trying to distinguish this from the "universal practical secular wisdom" advocated by traditional Wolffism。For Kant，Although the latter has a wide range of interpretations and applications of the concept of obligation，But it actually fails to clarify the nature of moral obligations at all。As discussed above，“Pure bet365 best casino games” is a type of bet365 best casino games consistent with practical reason，It is not people’s actual bet365 best casino games，It is a theoretical concept，Thus the “ideal type” of the concept of bet365 best casino games。"Pure bet365 best casino games" demonstrates the self-discipline of the inner unity of "self-legislation" and "self-obedience" of bet365 best casino games，Completely presenting the essential connotation of the concept of freedom，That is, a regulation that is independent of all natural laws in a negative sense，At the same time, it has the moral power of self-legislation in a positive sense。In Critique of Practical Reason，Kant paraphrases "pure bet365 best casino games" and "general bet365 best casino games" as the distinction between "higher desire ability" and "lower desire ability"，And on this basis, we focus on demonstrating the fundamental question of "how pure reason can be practical"。

It’s worth noting，In Kant’s Transcendental Argument，"Pure bet365 best casino games" belongs to the surreal "intellectual world"，As an empirical fact of human bet365 best casino games, "general bet365 best casino games" belongs to the real "sensory world"。Therefore，These two concepts actually correspond completely to Kant’s dualistic worldview。Based on this，Kant believes，We can look at it from an existential perspective，Consider humans, a creature with dual natures of nature and freedom, as a rational being that straddles the "sensual world" and the "intellectual world"；At the same time，This also allows us to look at two different positions or perspectives，Imagine your own original way of existence。Therefore，In the context of Kant’s transcendental idealism，The theoretical basis for how moral obligations are possible ultimately depends on the dual-dimensional way of existence unique to humans: on the one hand，According to the idea of ​​freedom and its laws，People belong to the "rational world"，Enjoy “Pure bet365 best casino games” independently，Displaying the highest principle of moral self-discipline；On the other hand，Based on the concept of nature and its laws，Human beings inevitably belong to the “sensual world”，Behavior is completely governed by natural desires and preferences，Necessarily conforms to the "heteronomy of nature"。Of course，Kant does not believe that these two inherent ways of existence are isolated and mutually exclusive in humans。Opposite，It is precisely with the help of the distinction between "phenomenon" and "thing itself"，Human bet365 best casino games is subject to both "free causality" and "natural causality"，Do not contradict each other。Introduction，It is also by proposing and clarifying "pure bet365 best casino games" and its causality，Only then can the dignity and lofty value of human independence and freedom be revealed。

In summary，Kant always relies on the philosophical context of transcendental idealism to solve the problem of how bet365 best casino games obligations are possible。This special philosophical argument implies Kant’s special understanding of the concept of “person”: as a bet365 best casino games subject who fulfills obligations，People see themselves in the dual existence of nature and freedom。bet365 best casino games obligation is essentially the unconditional bet365 best casino games responsibility that people as a "natural phenomenon" bear toward their "free ontology"，Committed to getting closer、The highest ideal of perfecting and enriching bet365 best casino games personality。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Politics and Public Administration, Suzhou University)