In modern normative ethics，Kant Ethics is usually regarded as the most iconic typical representative of "obligation theory" (or Tonic)。The reason why this world says can reach a universal consensus in the academic community and continue to this day，The main reason is that Kant always puts the "absolute command" of moral laws at the core of practical philosophy，Make obligation to become the basic concept of its ethical theory demonstration and expression。In Kant's ethics，Whether it is an absolute explanation of the will of good (free will)，Still system construction of legal theory and virtue theory，No obligation。Kant also always understands and interprets the content of the ethics in the framework of obligation，He has a formal manner for all moral obligations to stipulate the highest principle that meets the self -discipline，The practice requirements of the absolute command: "You must only act in accordance with the guidelines that you can be willing to become a general law at the same time。"" Volunteer General Order "proposes: No matter what kind of subjective behavior guidelines are selected or adopted by people，If its action contains moral value，It must be unconditionally complied with the provisions of the "universal" formal law。Based on this，Kant's division of the specific types of obligations，Different from the constraints，Moral obligations are divided into "obligations to our Bet365 app download own" and "obligation to others";，Moral obligations can be divided into "complete obligations" and "incomplete obligations";，Kant is more finely distinguished and discussed more special obligations，For example, "" Obligations for your complete obligations and incomplete obligations "," Obligations for Love and respect for others "," self -improvement "and" happiness of others "，etc.。

Of course，This is not to say that Kant is a severe and stereotypes，Simple and rudely restores the complexity and diversity of human moral life into a specific type of obligation，Instead, Kant ethics contains a set of logical rigorous and detailed volunteer thinking framework。Behind this frame always implies the prior definition of Kant's moral obligations。Only clarify these core definitions，We can truly clarify and grasp the ideological characteristics of Kant Obligion theory。

For people，How is moral obligations possible? On the surface，It seems to be mainly derived from the objective practice requirements of moral laws, as well as the general respect and identity of moral laws as the subject of morality。But in Kant，The key to the establishment of the concept of obligation is not limited to this，The more important thing is the generally intrinsic relationship between rationality and will。Kant thinks，The will is essentially a ability to act as actually stored，Its particularity is that it is a "ability to act according to the appearance of certain rules"。Because the source of moral laws is constrained, it is pure rationality，Realism of rationality Bet365 lotto review and will show a origin of a normative relationship through the rules。In "Moral Sacrifice and School of School"，Kant clearly divides this specified relationship into two different levels。

One，Under the circumstances of rational independence and fully stipulated will，Between rational and will as a normative relationship with the same sex。That is to say，The completely different function under these two traditional vision is connected for the first time by Kant，At this time, "Will is nothing more than practical reason"。In this specification relationship，The will that is directly stipulated by pure rationality is not only equivalent to practical rationality，It is the "Reine Wille" of self -discipline and freedom，It has the capacity of universal legislation due to the independent regulations of pure rationality，Kant also regards it as a "will of God" or "sacred will"。but but，Also in this relationship，In fact, there is no possibility established by the concept of obligation。Because of the same reason and will，Pure will only take the universal form of form as its only regulations based on，So for this "self -legislation" and "self -obedience" unified self -discipline will，The law of morality does not need to be compulsory and presents as commands，Naturally, it does not matter any moral obligations。

Its two，If rationality cannot be independently and fully stipulates will，The normative relationship between rationality and will is presented as a normative relationship with congenital synthesis。In this specification relationship，The will that cannot be purely bet365 live casino games rational independent regulations not only do not mix with practical rationality，And realistic manifestations of the "impure" will of people own。This "impureness" of will is reflected in，People are limited by their natural nature，Holding is a "accidental will" that is always affected by natural preferences，That is, it is not subjective to always act in accordance with the objective requirements of moral laws，Sometimes even freely choose to deviate or abandon the law of morality。So，The law of morality expresses this "accidental will" to be mandatory and presented as an unconditional command，Any special moral obligation with specific content comes from this。

It is not difficult to see，For Kant，The possible theoretical based on moral obligation is based on the normative relationship of congenital synthesis that maintains rationality and will。However, the problem is，Why does Kant create the possibility of rationality and will of the same nature，Based on this distinguished a kind of interoperability with practical rationality，Is there any other "pure will" with "general will"? To clarify the positive role of "pure will" on moral obligations，It is necessary to clarify what kind of "pure will" and "general will" are related to the righteousness.。

Kant once used the focus of "the concept and principles of a possible pure will" as its moral and school research，Try to distinguish this different from the "universal practice secular wisdom" advocated by traditional Wolfism。For Kant，Although the latter has a widespread explanation and use of the concept of obligations，But in fact, it failed bet365 best casino games to clarify the essence of moral obligations。As mentioned above，"Pure will" is a type of will with practical rationality，It is not human real will，but a theoretical concept idea，Therefore, it is the "ideal type" of the concept of will。"Pure will" shows the inner unity of the will of will "self -legislation" and "self -obedience"，Complete connotation of the concept of freedom，In the negative sense, it is independent of all the rules of all natural laws，At the same time, there is a moral power of self -reliance in the positive sense。In "Practical Critical Critical"，Kant referred to the distinction between "pure will" and "general will" as "senior desire ability" and "low -level desire ability"，On the basis of this, focus on demonstrating the fundamental question of "how pure rationality can be practical"。

It is worth noting that，In Kant's priority argument，"Pure will" belongs to the surreal "rational world"，and "general will" as an experience of human will.。So，These two concepts are actually completely corresponding to Kant's dual theory world view。Based on this，Kant thinks，We can from the perspective of existence theory，Creative creatures that have the two who have the dual existence of nature and freedom of nature as the rational existence of rational existence across the "sensory world" and "rational world"; at the same time，This also makes us from two different positions or perspectives，Imagine the way of existence of your own original。So，Under the background of Kant's first test theory，How the theory of moral obligations possible is based on the existence bet365 Play online games of the dual dimension that ultimately depends on the unique dual dimension: on the one hand，According to the concept of freedom and its rules，People belong to the "rational world"，Enjoy "pure will"，show the highest principle of moral self -discipline; on the other hand，According to the concept of nature and its rules，People are inevitable to belong to "Sensory World"，The rules of behavior completely due to natural desire and preferences，It will inevitably conform to "the law of nature"。Of course，Kant does not think that these two types of existence methods are isolated and excluded from each other。On the contrary，It is the distinction between "phenomena" and "things itself"，The will of a person obeyed at the same time as "free causality" and "natural causality"，Not contradictory each other。Speaking，It is also by proposing and clarifying "pure will" and its causality，The dignity and lofty value of human independence and freedom can be manifested。

To sum up，Kant always relies on the philosophical context of the conceptual theory to solve the problem of how moral obligations are possible。This special philosophical demonstration contains the special understanding of Kant's concept of "people": as a moral subject for fulfilling obligations，People look at themselves in the dual existence of nature and freedom。Ethical obligations are essentially an unconditional moral responsibility that people who are "natural phenomena" to their "free ontology"，Deliven to keep approaching、The supreme ideal of perfecting and rich moral personality。

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