Although the domestic academic community has more research on the "China" view of ancient China，But a scholar of "New Qing History" in the United States still advocates using the standards of "China" and "Non -China" as a standard of "China" and "Non -China" with Huaxia Han people，Think that only Huaxia and Han nationality is China，Do not recognize that ethnic minorities are "China"。Wish to know，The meaning of the word "China" in ancient times，Not only does it have the meaning of the Huaxia Han nationality，and have a referring to Beijing Master、Central Plains、Culture、Various meanings such as national regime and "inheritance China"。Actually，The word "China" in ancient times is not the main content of the "Huaxia China" and "Han Chinese" accused of Huaxia Han nationality，Instead。The word "China" in ancient times refers to the time of the dynasty country，Not only refers to the dynasty country established by Huaxia Han nationality，Also refers to the dynasty country established by ethnic minorities。Whether it is the dynasty country with the Chinese nationality as the rulers，Still with ethnic minorities as the rulers，Not a single nation country，but a multi -ethnic country。A lot of facts proof，Ancient China was used to accuse the "China" of the dynasty country，None of the "China"，but the multi -ethnic "China"。Take a comprehensive，The development of the ancient "China" view has gone through six periods。

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The pre -Qin is the period when the concept of "China" buds and formed。The academic community generally believes，The "House Izin China" in "He Zun" in the early history of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the "Emperor's Empty Chinese" in "Shangshu · Zhou Shu · Zicai"，The word "China", which is the earliest recorded in the characters currently,。"China" in the text，The Luoyang area of ​​the center of the world (that is, the Central Plains region later)、Multi -meanings of the Beijing Division in the center of a country and the national regime in the sense of political science，The main content of the state regime。

The word "China" recorded in the first year of the West Zhou Dynasty，It should be recorded after a period of time in society.。This shows the generation of the concept of "China"，It should be before the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty。Some archeologists are based on "Zhong" and "Mediterranean" (also known as "Earth"，refers to the center center of the ground) and other concepts such as，It is believed that the earliest "China" may appear in Tao Temple Cultural Period，may appear in the cultural period of Miao Digou，may appear in the cultural period of Eryou，etc.。If we use the literature to recover the "China"，The earliest time for the concept of "China" is determined in the Xia Dynasty，It should be in line with historical reality。

The word "China" recorded in the West Zhou Zhou and the earliest "China" concept that appeared in the Xia Dynasty，It was not used to accuse Huaxia and Huaxia Culture at the time，It is not a racial concept that only refers to the Huaxia people，Not a cultural concept that refers to Huaxia culture，Instead, it is mainly used to refer to the concept of state power。

Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period，bet365 Play online games The term "China" was used to accuse the Central Plains that originally used to refer to the center of the world、Based on the Beijing Normal University and State Government in the National Center，A cultural meaning that is used to refer to the meaning of the Huaxia people and the cultural meaning of Huaxia culture，and on the basis of it produced "Gui China (Huaxia)、贱 夷 "" Inner China (Huaxia)、Waiyidi "and other ideas。At the same time，It also produced the idea of ​​distinguishing between China and Yidi with "rituals" without regional and Huaxia races，Think that "China (Huaxia)" and "Siyi" are not fixed，Instead of continuous development and change。Where，Especially "the princes use the gift of gifts，Huiyi, which can be transformed into each other in China, which is the most affected。

"Huayi Interchange" in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，Although it is equal for Huaxia and Yidi，As long as you understand "Li" is China Huaxia，Don’t understand "Li" is Yidi，But the "ritual" emphasized by the people mainly refers to the gift of Chinese culture，That is, the "Li Li" built by Zhou Gong's ceremony，"Li" refers to Huaxia culture instead of Yidi culture，In essence, it is still "Gui Huaxia、Bacitic Yididi "played a dominant role in it。Affected by its concept，Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods have formed a Chinese Chinese culture、Worship China Huaxia Culture、The atmosphere of yearning for Chinese Chinese culture，"China" recognition concept is born with it。

　　"China" concept preliminary development

Qin Han is a period of initial development of the concept of "China" and the formation of the concept of "China"。Qin and Han Dynasties，The term "China" also has the Central Plains region in the center of the world、Beijing Master in the center of a country、The Huaxia people before the Qin Dynasty and the Han nationality formed by the two Han Dynasty、Chinese and Han culture and other connotations，But it is still mainly used to refer to Qin、Western Han、Eastern Han Dynasty and historically dynasty countries。

Qin Dynasty Qin during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods、Chu、Wu、Vietnam Waiting for the unified integration of Rongmuan is the subjects under the rule of one country of the Qin Dynasty，While calling its country "Qin"，Also called "China"，and get the recognition of ethnic minorities。At the end of the Song Dynasty，Hu San province is called "Qin Wei served Siyi when he was annotated for" Zi Zhi Tong Jian "，Therefore, the people rate is the Chinese people are Qin people "，etc.。This makes the Qin Dynasty "China" developed from Xirong's "China" and Huaxia "China" appear very different。Qin Dynasty "China" developed from Xirong，Not only the people of all ethnic groups in Huaxia and Central Plains，It also includes Qianzhong, which is under the jurisdiction of the Qin Dynasty、Middle Fujian、South China Sea、Guilin、Ethics of the border counties such as Xiang County，Initially established a multi -ethnic "China"。

The word "China" used in the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasty，It is also the main content of the two -Han dynasty country and the historical dynasty country。Although the two Han are "China" established by the Han nationality as the rulers，But there is still a big difference with the "China" that only referred to as "Han" and "Central Plains"。"China" in the Han Dynasty，Not only the Han people、All ethnic groups in the Central Plains，It also includes ethnic minorities on the bet365 Play online games border，犍 犍 犍 犍 犍、牂 Ke、Yue、Shen Li、Wenshan、Yizhou、South China Sea、Cangwu、Yulin、Hepu、Jiaozhi、Jiuzhen、Ri Nan、儋、Zhuya、Lelang、Xuanzhang、Lintun、Minority ethnic groups in the border counties such as Zhenfan，It is also a multi -ethnic "China"。

The two Han Dynasty，Not only is it called the country of the two Han dynasties as "China"，Based on the concepts of "Huayi Tongzu" and "Kyushu China" that appeared in the pre -Qin period，Further improved the concepts of Huayi and the descendants of Huayi and the words "Kyushu", "Twelve State", "World", "Five Series", "within the Four Seas" in the term "China".，Another "China", which is even larger than the national jurisdiction of the two Han dynasties,，"China", which includes ethnic minorities and reflects the "China" community consciousness。

Qin and Han Dynasties，In the pre -Qin period, "Gui Huaxia (China)、Lingyidi "thoughts，formed the superiority of "China"，And with its huge charm, it enhanced the centripetal force and cohesion of the Central Plains and the border ethnic groups，"China" identity is formally formed。

　Diversified development and evolution of the concept of "China"

Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties is a period of diversified development and evolution of the concept of "China"。Three Kingdoms period，Affected by the concept of "Central Plains China"，People only say that the Wei country in the Central Plains region of the Han nationality as the rulers is "China"，instead of referring to the Shu country and Wu State who also use the Han nationality as the rulers as "China"，Shu Han and Sun Wu's dynasty countries were even called "two prisoners" and "two thieves", etc.。This not only made the original "Huaxia China" and "Han Chinese" concept encountered a new challenge，also further complicated the original "China" concept。

Affected by the concept of "Central Plains China" during the Three Kingdoms period，Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is also known as "Central Plains" as "China"，But I did not claim to be "China" strong wish，Even the saying that the Eastern Jin Dynasty left Central Plains was "self -abandoning China" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Volume 100 "Jin Ji")。After the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Song、Qi、Liang、Chen appeared intermittently that he claimed to be "China"，and the number of times gradually increases。This can be seen，The trend of transformation from "Central Plains China" to "Han China" appeared in the Southern Dynasty。Whether it is "Central Plains China" or the dynasty country altable by "Han China"，Not a single nation country，but a multi -ethnic country。

Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties that are coexisting with the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty，Although most of them are dynasties of the rulers of ethnic minorities，But after they entered the Central Plains，Also pick up the concepts of "Cultural China" of "Central Plains China" and "Li Huayi"，Self -claiming "China" and "Orthodox China"。For example，The Hanzhao regime established by Liu Yuan and Liu Yan、The post -Zhao regime established by Shile, a Caitan,、Wuyan regime established by Murong Xianbei、The former Qin regime established by the 氐 苻 苻 苻，All "China"。Sixteen Kingdoms period，There are also some phenomena that are not in the Central Plains, and they also call themselves "China"。For example，The Daxia regime established by the Huns Her Lianbu did not control the Central Plains，But the descendants of Yanhuang and the grandchildren，Bet365 lotto review The claiming that I established the Daxia regime is "Fu Dayu's Industry"，It is clearly advertised as the successor of the Xia Dynasty "China"; Xiliang did not control the Central Plains，Also claimed to be "China"; the "Cheng Han" regime established by Baba Li Shou，No control of the Central Plains，Also with the heirs of the "China" of the two Han and Shu Han。Sixteen Kingdoms period，Ethical regimes call themselves "China"，The traditional concept of "China China" and "Han China" has been challenged by the minority regime。

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，All ethnic groups scramble to claim to be "China"。Although there is no recognition of mutual recognition of the Southern and Northern Dynasties，But Huayi is the concept of "Huayi Tongzu" of "Yanhuang descendants".，and became the foundation foundation of the unified north and south。At that time，The desire to claim to be "China" who claims to be "China" is not strong，and ethnic minorities scrambled to declare that they are "China"，In the concept of "Central Plains China" and "Han China", the concept of "Cultural China" that advocates Huaxia Han culture，Promote the further diversification of the ancient "China" concept。

　"China" concept is gradually sublimating

The Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties are the period when the concept of "China" is further sublimated。Sui and Tang Dynasties，"Han China" concept will return again，But the term "China" used in Sui and Tang dynasties is still based on the state of the Sui and Tang dynasties.。Sui and Tang dynasties developed on the basis of inheriting the Northern and Southern Dynasties，So，They pay great attention，Have in -depth understanding and tolerance of various ethnic groups such as Xianbei who directly inherit them，Also regard the ethnic minority officials and a minority (Hua inner) who are included in the Sui and Tang Division as a member of the Sui and Tang dynasties。Visible，The Sui and Tang Dynasties used to accuse the "China" of the dynasty country，Not the "China"，but the multi -ethnic "China"。

Sui and Tang dynasties，Under the guidance of fully understanding and "love as one" and "love as one" and the guidance of the policies，further explaining and exerting the concept of "China" and "China" that appeared during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。Han Yu summarized the main idea of ​​Confucius "Spring and Autumn" as "the princes with rituals，Entering China is China "(" Han Changli Complete Works · Original Road ")。Huang Fuyu proposed "So for Chinese，Yi Yi Yi also，So those who are Yi Di，Eclectic also，How is it in the ground。Qi Li Li，Qi is 矣。Ziju Jiuyi，矣 矣 矣 矣 "。Called "Gou to say what the earth says，Called "Gou to say what the earth says，Then there is Huayi。Teach lecture，There are also Huayi ...，It is a shape and heart;，It is also a bitter and heartwide "。Cheng Yan's "Neiyi"，It also advocates "although it is exotic，Being able to be in China，I do n’t know what to do。China ’s civilian has stubborn king Hua，Forgot to abandon Renyi Zhongxin，Although I am out of China，Anti -channeles，I don't mean the Chinese "，Think that ethnic minorities understand gifts is "China"，and the people of "China" if they forget Renyi Zhongxin, it is Yidi。So，The concept of "China" in ancient times was further sublimated。

When the Sui and Tang people discussed the "China" in history，Not only uses "China" to accuse bet365 best casino games the regime established by the Chinese nationality，It is also used to refer to the regime established by ethnic minorities，The various regimes inherited for the Sui and Tang dynasties are the ideas of "China" (that is, "inheritance China")，Following its ideas，I thought Goguryeo's Land "Zhou is the country of Xuezi，Hanjia Xuanzhuang County Ear "(" Old Tang Book · Gonrey Biography ")，It is also within the scope of the inheritance of the Chinese historical heritage of the Sui and Tang dynasties。This "inheritance China" proposed by Sui and Tang dynasties，It had an important impact on future generations。

Visible，The "China" concept of the dynasty country used in the Sui and Tang dynasties、"China" concept and "inheritance China" of "China"，Not the concept of a single nation and country，but the concept of multi -ethnic "China"。

　"China" conceptual integration

Liao、Song、Xixia、Gold is a period of "China" concept from diversity to integration。Liao、Song、Xixia、Golden Regime Periodic，The term "China" used is also used as the main content of the dynasty country。This period，Not only the two Song dynasties established by the Han ruler claimed to be "China" and "Orthodox China"，Khitan、Party item、Liao established by the ruler of the female real family、Xixia、Jin also claims to be "China" and "orthodoxy"，"Huaxia China" and "Han China" concept continued to be challenged by the ethnic minority regime。

Liao、Xixia、Jin is self -identity as "China"，Also agreed that the Song Dynasty was "China"，But there is a different understanding on the question of whether the Song Dynasty is the "orthodox"。Liao people agree with the Song Dynasty as "China"，But do not agree with the Song Dynasty as "orthodox"; Xixia both agreed with the Song Dynasty as "China"，Also agree with the Song Dynasty as "orthodox"; the Gold people agree with the Song Dynasty as "China",But only agree with the Northern Song Dynasty as "orthodox"，Don’t agree with the Southern Song Dynasty as "orthodox"，Later, some people also set off from multiple reign，While identifying the Jin Dynasty as "orthodox"，Also agree with the Southern Song Dynasty as "orthodox"。

Song people do not agree with Liao、Xixia、Gold is "China"，I don’t agree with Liao、Xixia、Gold is "orthodox"。Song Jin Late，Some people in the golden people agree with Liao、Song、Gold is the ideas of "China" and "Orthodox"，In the Song people, individuals have also appeared in the idea of ​​"China" based on the historical reality of the Golden Ren based on the historical reality of the Central Plains region。

Liao、Song、Xixia、Gold is a different dynasty country，It has a variety of nature，But they all call themselves "China"，All have "China" recognition consciousness，Expressing high consistency in the recognition of "China"。During this period，"China" concept shows a development trend that integrated from diversity to one。

　"China" concept is going to setting

yuan、Ming、Qing is the period when the concept of "China" goes for the shape。yuan、Ming、The word "China" used in Qing，Although there are still multiple meanings，But in accordance with the accommodation Yuan、Ming、Qing and historical dynasty countries are the main content，It is also the concept of a multi -ethnic country。

The Yuan Dynasty，Not only did the Han nationality call the Yuan Dynasty "China"，Mongolia and other ethnic minorities also known as the Yuan Dynasty country as "China"。For bet365 live casino games example，Mongolians Wanze and Mongolian Western Kangli people did not suddenly say "Barbarians when Yuan Shizu wanted to send troops to conquer Annan，Not enough to work in China "(" Yuan History · Zhang Lidao Biography "); Mongolians of the Mongolians during the Chengzong period said that when someone claimed to send troops to conquer 800 daughter -in -law,，Liao Jue 10,000 miles，You can come to，Not enough to annoy China "(" Yuan History · Harbin Haun Chuan ")。Wanze、"China" what the "China" said by Kazakhstan and others，All refers to the Yuan Dynasty。This shows the Yuan Dynasty，Mongolians and Sexes also agree with the Yuan Dynasty as "China"。

Yuan people used the term "China" to the Yuan Dynasty，mainly refers to the country of the headquarters of the Yuan Dynasty，Liao inherited by the Yuan Dynasty、Song、Xixia、Gold and the country of Tubo，It does not include the Ellie State established by the Mongolian Western Expedition (also known as Yier Khanate、Il Khanate) and the Golden Express Khanate (also known as Qinchahan Kingdom)。

Yuan people still follow Liao、Song、Gold "each and orthodox" ideas，Established a three -history practice plan，Cultivation has become the "Liao History", "Song History" and "Golden History"，It indicates that the Yuan people have identified Liao、Song、Gold and other regimes are the ideological concepts of members of Chinese historical development spectrum，I want to inherit Liao、Song、On the basis of gold, the Yuan Dynasty incorporated the Yuan Dynasty into the Chinese historical development spectrum。

Although the Ming people claim to rebuild the Han nation，but "China" for referring to the national power of the Ming Dynasty，Not just referred to the country of the Han nationality，but including multi -ethnic countries in various ethnic groups in the Ming Dynasty。Beiyuan regime, which is coexisting with the Ming Dynasty，Also claiming that he is the heir of Da Yuan "China"，even showing off the orthodox regime that is more orthodox than the Ming Dynasty by holding the Yuan Dynasty from the Yuan Dynasty。

The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty established by the Manchu rulers，It also mainly uses the term "China" to refer to the national regime of the Qing Dynasty and the dynasty country in history。Emperor Qianlong did not allow people to call the Qing Dynasty "Han"，But allow people to call the Qing Dynasty "China"，clearly distinguished the concept of "China" and "Han"，Think that "Han" is just the Han nation、The title of Han culture，The term "China" is synonymous as a nation of the Qing Dynasty，The title of a multi -ethnic country, the "China" (Chinese nation) community。So，The concept of "China" and "Han China" is finally separated，Ancient "China" concept finally settled in the setting。

The Ming and Qing dynasties attach great importance to the application of the concept of "inheritance China"。Zhu Yuanzhang when negotiating with territorial negotiations with Goryeo and Annan，All in the principle of "inheritance China"，Story on the historical facts of inheriting the territory of various dynasties in Chinese history。The Qing Dynasty even according to the principle of "inheritance China"，The territory of each regime that you inherits is not allowed to be separated，It is not forcibly incorporated into the territory of the various regimes that did not belong to its own inheritance。The Qing Dynasty according to the territorial jurisdiction Bet365 app download of Chinese territorial jurisdiction，Divide the surrounding non -Han nation as two parts: "inner fans" and "foreign vassal"，Seeing "Inner Fan" as "China" is a belonging to，Depending on "Foreign Fan" as "China"，Clarified the division of "middle" and "outside"，Completed the transformation from plural "China" to single "China"，Unified multi -ethnic "China" (Chinese community) and its territory are finally formed and established。

To sum up，"China" recognition consciousness formed by various ethnic groups in ancient China，The formation of the Chinese nation and the Chinese territory played a role that cannot be ignored。Because of the ancient Chinese ethnic minorities and its establishment regime, they all claimed to be "Yanhuang descendants"、Chinese recognition consciousness who claims to be "China"，They are unwilling to take a road separated from "China"。For example，When Moralka Mongolia, which belongs to the North Yuan, encountered Galdan attacks，Move inwardly without investing in Russia; the Turkut Ministry in Moan Mongolia is not far from thousands of miles，，Return to China from the downstream of the River (Volga River) in Russia，It fully reflects the "China" recognition consciousness of these nations。Because various nations in ancient China have "China" recognition consciousness，Only to gradually condense various ethnic groups under the common banner of "China"，The unified multi -ethnic "China" (Chinese community) and its territory。

　　(This article is the major bidding project of the National Social Science Fund "Ancient Chinese 'Chinese' Agreement and the Formation of the Chinese Nation" (15ZDB027) phased achievements) (the author is a professor at the History Research Institute of Jilin University)