Philosophy as a discipline，It aims to pass through human rational thinking，Use concept、Judgment、Reasoning and other thinking logic forms，Forms a cognitive and value judgment on the overall world、Abstract summary，Show the theoretical scene and meaning understanding of the world's integrity。Contemporary American philosopher Brand Brandhad believes，Philosophy is part of human beings a more old and wider cause of human beings -understanding the world of the world，Philosophy thinking is a process of understanding and interpretation。Wittgenstein pointed out in "Philosophy Research"，Explanation is thinking，Do a certain thing。Obviously，Philosophy thinking is a way of thinking in philosophy "doing philosophy"，Research on the history of academic thoughts is not simply academic thought，It is facing the actual problems of human existence; philosophical education is not fundamental about the teaching of philosophy and theoretical knowledge in the history of philosophy、Learning (of course this is also important)，but the learning method of philosophy、Training and training，Especially a kind of thinking judgment and application of people's overall understanding of the world。

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Greek period，Philosophy and science basically do not distinguish，Both of them are requested to reach the universal nature of all things in the world、The essential knowledge of absolute nature、Cognition and grasp of laws。but but，Contemporary Explanation Scholars Gadmer pointed out，Today's philosophy is in rapid change，Facing science，It starts in a way that has never been used in the past，Find proof for your own legitimacy。Classical philosophy ’s understanding of the essential knowledge of world things has been replaced by modern science，"The popularity of science as a decisive symbol of the times has terminated the classic role of philosophy"，Can no longer expect philosophy to provide the essential knowledge about world things like science，People with this hope are no longer reasonable: philosophy should once again play its old comprehensive function，and use a unified picture of the world to combine all of our knowledge。Compared to the all -in -world interpretation of the world，Philosophy is no longer treated strictly from its knowledge requirements。Converse，As a manifestation of life，It is created with other human culture (such as art、Law、Religion) Have similar value。

Habermas also put forward similar views。In his opinion，Philosophy can no longer be used as a traditional philosophy formal form to express its role，Compared to science、Morality and bet365 best casino games art，The philosophy of as an interpreter cannot have the privilege that is no longer aware of the essence，Most of them are just knowledge that may make mistakes。Philosophy must give up its traditional form，The doctrine of intervention in the process of socialization，Reserved its pure theory。At the same time，Philosophy cannot be based on the level of value，Master the overallness of different lifestyles，Philosophy can only grasp the general structure of the life world。It can be said，After Kant，It is impossible。

In contemporary，The fate of the philosophy itself has become a problem。Philosophy must continue to exist and play its role，Only the way to change its own existence。From the view of Gadamol，Two forms of changes in contemporary philosophy，That is the philosophy towards art and philosophy to humanities science。Philosophy began to prove the authenticity of art in various ways，and through the understanding of art's authenticity to show the significance of philosophy as a understanding of understanding。For example，In the field of cultural fields in France，Philosophy is attributed to literature，It 19、Literary and Art Works of the 20th Century，closer to the old task of philosophy，They are regarded as the preserved in the great heritage of philosophy。The reason why philosophy goes to art，The reason is that the biggest advantage of art and beauty is that they do not have pure rules at all，It is impossible for people to find a kind of application rules in order to achieve the situation of understanding art and beauty。Art and beauty will inevitably allow us to reach our own judgment。If we find that something is beautiful，That means，We are making judgments ourselves。Similarly，Different humanities and natural science，Its purpose is not a constant accuracy knowledge about the world's things; on the contrary，People participate in the psychiatric science of humanities，Understand and promote the development of uncertain humanities science，The core of humanities is not objective problem，Instead, it is based on the existence of human existence.。

It can be said，It is in art and humanities，People realize and pursue the meaning of things in infinite understanding and interpretation。There is no fixed and absolute answer about art experience and beauty.，"Things in beauty are things that are self -valuable"，Related related to yourself，The truth of human science、The problem of goodness is not objective、Absolute Question，is a kind of understanding and interpretation; it is essentially a pre -relationship problem for people and objects。The way of modern philosophy changes，Its essence is that philosophy is no longer seeking cognitive activity and essential knowledge of world things like classical periods，but manifested as a unity Bet365 lotto review of thinking and understanding the world、Reserve of the way of thinking abstract and overall thinking、Strengthen and use。

　　Philosophy as an overall abstract thinkingThe method is still not out of date

For people，It is an urgent need to make a rational and unified philosophy of things，This need is an endless process。In this process，Not only does each of us talk to ourselves with ourselves in mind，And also achieved the kind of dialogue that we all involved in and will never stop in it。Gadamer's view is，"Science does not try to prevent philosophy from existence in a change"，"Philosophy, after the criticism of Kant's" Destroy everything "，Still after ‘Surprise’ after the 19th century ’s prestige，Or even after the "scientific reunification 'ideal has overwhelmed all the" metaphysical school "words，Nothing can give up and discuss your problems "。

The problem that philosophy never given up is，"Only philosophy is pursuing the overall"。but but，This whole is not the same as any other limited overall，It is just the overall part that contains all it。The overall question of the philosophy，is a concept of limited possibility beyond various knowledge。So，It is not something we can know in a scientific way。Although the popularity of science as a decisive symbol of the times has terminated the classic role of philosophy，But the demand for rational unity is still met by philosophy。Philosophy as a rational natural judgment and a way of thinking about integrity，Never be out of date，"The need for reason for unity and understanding is still existed so far"，"The urgent requirements of reason for unity are still unremitting ...，It also belongs to this urgent requirement of this rationality "，This not only refers to a problem of the theoretical concept of the world，More importantly, thinking about the existence of the people behind the theory and thinking of all the meaning of life。

Greek period，There is an ancient dispute about youth education，It broke out around rhetoric and philosophy。When Socrates makes Lags a core significance of entering the truth，This understanding brings the great steering of ancient Greek philosophy: the logic of language thinking and thinking realizes unification。Dang Aristotle fixed Logic into a function in his logic，It becomes a conceptual proposition、"APOPHANSIS" (APOPHANSIS)，This becomes particularly clear。In order to distinguish between the theoretical statement from other possible words and make it prominent，This expression introduced by Aristotle was repeatedly used after being repeatedly used。It is the logic of "Aristotle laid the basis of judgment、Logic of reasoning and logic of concepts on the logic of concepts，From then on, it stipulates that we call it philosophy in Europe。

Philosophy as a special thinking ability of human beings，What is an overall thinking judgment on the Bet365 app download world's things。Gadamer thinks，Philosophy is not only an enlightenment，and an enlightenment that opposes its own arbitrary theory，"Aponement is because you realize the boundary，This boundary is set by making science that cannot reflect its own premise and consequences。This is also a kind of insight "。Philosophy is fundamentally not a "natural science" science that explores the absolute knowledge about the world; on the contrary，It is a theoretical reflection，Requires to keep the distance with you at all times，Requires to surpass all the existing things of human beings。

　　The essence of philosophical education is to cultivate a kind ofReasonable scientific and sound ideological judgment

Plato's conceptual theory thinks，The concept world is the real world，The existence of concept is the most fundamental existence。People must recognize ideas，Only by using your own rational thinking，Thinking for philosophy is like a microscope to biology，I only know how to use my thinking，Cultivate and form philosophical thinking methods，Only the thinking of true philosophy。

Kant also emphasizes the significance of people's thinking about problems for people thinking about thinking。Philosophy is not fundamentally a learning and mastering of theoretical knowledge，Instead, it is a critical ability exercise and training。This is because of，Philosophy is a possible pure concept of science，This science cannot be given specifically anywhere，But people can approach it along various channels。"Where is the philosophy? Who has philosophy? And why can we understand philosophy? We can only learn to do philosophical research，That is, in accordance with the general principles of rationality, it is based on some attempts to exercise rational talents，But always keeps rational investigation of the principles itself on its source、The right to recognize and resist。"" here，Kant's meaning is clear，Philosophy has never been a ready -made knowledge，Philosophy is irreversible，How can you teach only to do philosophy。

Hegel has highly evaluated Taylorus's "water is the foundation of all things" proposition，I believe that this proposition constitutes the first proposition in the history of Western philosophy，Its core significance is that this proposition shows an abstract reflection judgment of human understanding of the world。Marx also said，People understand and understand the world for art、Religion and philosophy，Philosophy is different from art intuitive、Religious beliefs，but based on human abstract rational thinking，Methods of cognition and understanding the world，Showing the rational ideological system about the integrity of the world。Engels also said in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，It still exists independently in all the previous philosophy，Bet365 app download There is only the doctrine of thinking and its laws -form logic and dialectics。In his opinion，"Theoretical thinking is just a talent。This ability must be developed and exercised，In order to perform this exercise，In addition to learning previous philosophy，There is no other means until now "。

What is rational thinking? It is rationality in accordance with the rules of logical thinking，Analysis、Comprehensive、Reasoning ability，The ability to understand truth。Philosophy thinking is an abstract rational thinking，In essence, the formation and application of human rational judgment。Gadamer thinks，Activity of judgment，That is, put a special thing into some kind of general thing。Since the instance of the rule is recognized as a rule，This is logical that it is irrelevant，It needs to know the rules of judgment application，In order to follow these rules, it needs another judgment，This is the predicament of judgment。Kant distinguished human rational judgment as a prescribed judgment and reflection judgment，The former refers to putting diverse things belonging to a general category、The ability to think and understand in the rules，The use of this judgment requires a pre -rational priority form，Real conditions for judgment use need to be formulated; at the same time，This judgment needs to be pointed at and associated with specific existences through "perceptual intuition"，As a result, the experience content of thinking judgment。and be able to connect intellectual、The content of rationality and experience is the "graphics" that has both the category of the priority and the characteristics of the experience characteristics，This is "Comprehensive judgment"。Another，The use of "prescribed judgment" depends on the reflection judgment of the rules itself，That is, the abstraction of general and universal regulations in the diversity and differences of the existence of things, and in turn to use it to understand and understand the ability to judge specific things。

From Gadamer's view，Judgment is the ability to judge and understand the overall judgment and understanding of human things，It is the essential expression of philosophy as a way of thinking，"The word judgment refers to，From the experience of life experience, it is considered to be sound and rational。This judgment also affects political and social judgment "。Judgment is a ability to say that it is a ability，It is rather to say that it is a request made by all people，to make people show "Gemeinsinn"，To prevent the practice of "only experience results with experience ... to determine the concept of good and evil practical concepts of practical empiricalism"。Judgment is generally unable to learn，It can only be trained from specific things，Because there is no conceptual description bet365 best casino games of the application of the rules。So，Philosophy thinking judgment is not how much specific knowledge is given，It is not how many specific problems have been solved，Its fundamental effect is to provide people with a rational thinking mode of cognition and understanding the world，Cultivate and exercise people's speculative ability。Philosophy thinking is abstract、Critical、Reflection and understanding: abstractness refers to a integrity that can form the world、Unlimited metaphysical judgment and thinking; criticality refers to philosophical thinking as a rational thinking that you must treat rationality in a critical way，There is no prerequisite and conclusion that there is no doubt; reflection refers to reflection on the target and external behavior of the recognition，It also needs to maintain a "consciousness of reflection" by the people's thoughts itself; understanding means that philosophical thinking requires people to participate，and understand the meaning of the event itself、Showing。Understanding determines that philosophical thinking is not an empirical phenomenon, whether or not judgment，but a understanding of understanding in the sense of existence，Has participation、Historical、situation、Uncertainty and other characteristics。

The universal nature of the world、Infinite significance is associated with the specific survival experience of people's "here"，The understanding of the overall significance of the world is fundamentally self -related self -related self -understanding。It is through a limited historical self -existence and specific explanation of academic situation，The overall significance of the world happens to people in understanding and explanation。Doing philosophy is to think about problems with philosophical thinking，The existence of things is a factual problem，And philosophy is going to ask why it is like this? Where is the basis of harmony with reason?，and in the existence and significance of things itself, let us expand to us、Show，Learn how to ask questions or think about，Actually it indicates that some kind of understanding we may get。The essence of philosophical issues is open，Is the open to all possibilities，It is possible for openness，The most important thing is to ask questions on the question itself。In this way，Philosophy thinking is a kind of critical ability to constantly break through the human existing knowledge system and ideological framework boundary。

Wittgerstein said: "No philosophy，Thought is blurred。The task of philosophy is to make the mind logically clear，Given a distinctive border。"Hegel also thinks，The history of a knowledge must be closely related to us about its concept。This means，Philosophy research is fundamentally based on a clear conceptual meaning to demonstrate a certain point of view Bet365 app download or in order for some conclusion。Thinking logically is to think rationally，Reasonable thinking is most likely to guide us to truth。The primary task of contemporary philosophy education is，Through the professional training of philosophy，Cultivate people to form a critical、Abstract、Reflection and understanding thinking，Can use philosophical ways of thinking to think about problems，Make a generally overall essential thinking on the problem，that is to cultivate people's ability to "do philosophy"。Doing philosophy is different from academic philosophy，The latter refers to the learning and mastering of the history and philosophy history of philosophers，It is a kind of learning、Understand and explain the activities of text objects; different philosophy is different，It is a self -thinking about things and the essential problems of the world in accordance with the philosophical way of thinking，Is a problem -oriented philosophical practice、Philosophy Operation、Philosophy activity，Show a process of philosophical thinking and argument，The knowledge of philosophical theory and philosophy is not very important。Contemporary philosophical education must change just to simply teach the theory and knowledge of philosophy history and knowledge，Really returning to philosophy as a way of thinking as a way of thinking，Through education to make people conduct philosophical thinking training，In philosophical thinking，Freedom of mental judgment allows thoughts to return to the original experience of their own life，Put forward and show creative new thinking about real life。

　　(The author is the dean and professor of the School of Philosophy of Anhui University)