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　　bet365 mobile epistemological research methods

There are two fundamentally different approaches to epistemological research。One is based on people’s cognitive ability，Research on whether bet365 mobile possible for people to know objects。This kind of epistemology that takes cognitive ability as its object，bet365 mobile like studying whether bet365 mobile possible for people to learn to swim without going into the water。The other is to study understanding from people’s actual understanding process，Study the relationship between people’s understanding and practice；How humans gain knowledge from practice。This epistemology is also a theory of practice。Practical theory is the most scientific theory of knowledge。All processes that are divorced from actual understanding，The epistemological theory that only targets cognitive ability，We will eventually fall into skepticism and agnosticism。

The concept of things in themselves is the inevitable result of taking cognitive ability as the object of investigation。When bet365 mobile believed that human knowledge cannot reach the object itself but can only understand the subjective representation of things in the human brain，The problem of dividing phenomena and things in themselves will inevitably arise。Marxism is based on practice，Believe that knowledge can achieve its purpose if it can be applied in practice，There is no unrecognizable thing-in-itself。For something that can be made in practice，We can’t say that we don’t know it。

Error and truth go hand in hand。bet365 mobile impossible for people to know the truth directly，The truth is often understood through errors。When you know you are wrong，Not far away from understanding the truth。Not recognized error，bet365 mobile never possible to know the truth。Because truth and error are like two sides of a coin。True or False、Beauty and Ugliness、Good and evil are inseparable。This is dialectics。Poverty of spirit creates a thirst for spirit，Too secular often leads people to pursue the sacred things。There are only two kinds of sacred things，One is beyond the secular，This is religion。The reason why it transcends the world，Because bet365 mobile belief in an existence that cannot be perceived；The other is noble secularity。On the one hand，bet365 mobile secular，Because the ideal it pursues is in the world，bet365 mobile fighting for the real interests of real people。On the other hand，bet365 mobile sacred，Because it transcends personal self-interest and fights for social ideals，Strive for the interests of the country and nation。Therefore，This secularity is more sacred。

　　Direct bet365 mobile and indirect bet365 mobile

In the contemporary world，Due to the development of the Internet，The transfer of information and knowledge is extremely fast，A new kind of human being appears in human society，That’s the “otaku” and “otaku”。They don’t have to go out，Not just hungry，And can know the world affairs，It seems to confirm the words in the "Tao Te Ching" more than two thousand years ago，“Not leaving the house，Know the world；Don’t peek，Seeing the Way of Heaven。It’s a long way out，He knows very little”。Does this overturn the Marxist epistemology theory that knowledge comes from practice？None。Any understanding comes from practice，This is intimate knowledge，bet365 mobile direct knowledge，bet365 mobile the production of knowledge；What you get from the Internet is indirect knowledge。If there is no direct knowledge of the producer，bet365 mobile impossible for people to obtain any knowledge from the Internet，Just like there is no factory to produce products，bet365 mobile impossible to buy anything online from the Internet。The more developed science and technology become，The more channels and possibilities to obtain knowledge indirectly。But if there are no people engaged in practice and knowledge production，bet365 mobile impossible to obtain any indirect knowledge。Just like a producer without a TV series，You can’t watch any TV series on TV。Therefore，The process of knowledge should be knowledge creators (direct practitioners) - flow channels (various means of communication) - knowledge recipients (indirect knowledge)。This is the same as material production。Producer (product)-distribution channel-consumer。No practice，There are no knowledge producers；No producer，There are no product consumers。We value practice in the field of knowledge，Just as we attach great importance to the real economy in the field of material production。

　　Familiarity and True bet365 mobile

Familiarity is not true knowledge，This is Hegel’s famous saying。Actually，Chinese philosophers also said something similar: "Everyone eats and drinks，bet365 mobile’s rare to know the taste。”Although everyone eats and drinks every day，But there are very few people who really understand food and become gourmets。Philosophy is different from concrete science，bet365 mobile seeks true knowledge from familiarity。Schopenhauer said，The task of philosophy is not to observe more of what one has not yet seen，But to think about things that everyone can see but no one has thought deeply about。Indeed，Science is the discovery of new principles，Technology is the invention of new tools，Philosophy is about thinking about things people take for granted and discovering new wisdom。

Some people have a contemptuous attitude towards the principles of Marxist philosophy，bet365 mobile nothing more than the primary nature of matter、The Second Nature of Consciousness，Etc.。Actually，This kind of person doesn’t understand Marxist philosophy at all。Even if you can recite the original works of Marxist philosophy, it does not mean you truly understand it。Every principle in Marxist philosophy，It can be said that they are all the crystallization of rich human knowledge，It’s all a history of the development of human understanding。Just put matter first、The second nature of consciousness is an example，Can you deeply understand its connotation？so far，Do all philosophers agree？None。Just look at the thoughts of contemporary Western philosophers，There are many people who advocate idealism。This is because bet365 mobile not easy to explain this principle theoretically and empirically。How the brain thinks、How objective things enter the human brain，This transformation process has not been clarified yet。As for how social existence determines social consciousness，Its mechanism、Methods, etc.，Still a problem to be studied。

　(The author is an honorary first-class professor at Renmin University of China)