■ Chen Xianda

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There are two fundamental different methods of epistemology research。One is a person's cognitive ability as the object，Researchers have no ability to recognize objects。This kind of cognitive ability as the object of knowledge，Just like to study whether you can learn to swim without the water without water。The other is to study and understand from the actual understanding process of people，Research on the relationship between people's understanding and practice; how human beings get recognition from practice。This conceptual theory is also practical theory。Practice theory is the most scientific episodes。All the processes from the actual understanding，The theory of epistemology that only takes the ability to know，In the end, they will be caught in doubt and unknown theory。

The concept of auto is the inevitable result of the object of understanding as the target。When people bet365 Play online games think that people's knowledge cannot reach the object itself, they can only understand the subjective appearance of things in the human brain，Must -cause problems of phenomenon and autologous segmentation。Marxism based on practice，Think that if you can use it in practice and achieve your purpose，There is no unknown self -body。For a thing that can be made in practice，We can’t say that we do n’t know it。

Walking with the truth。It is impossible for people to understand truth，and often know the truth through errors。When you know you are wrong，Not far from the understanding of truth。Don’t know the error，I can never know the truth。Because the truth and errors are like two sides of a copper coin。authenticity、Beautiful Ugly、Good and evil is inseparable。This is Dialectics。The lack of spiritual poverty produces the desire for spirit，Too secular often prompts people to pursue the pursuit of sacred things。There are only two kinds of sacred things，One is beyond the world，This is religion。The reason why it beyond the world，Because it is a belief that does not bet365 Play online games perceive; the other is noble secularity。On the one hand，It is worldly，Because the ideal it is pursuing is in the world，It is struggling for the real interests of the real people。On the other hand，It is sacred again，Fighting for social ideals because of its personal interests，Struggle for the interests of the country and the nation。Therefore，This secularity is more sacred。

　　Direct knowledge and indirect knowledge

In the contemporary world，Due to the development of the Internet，The transmission of information and knowledge is extremely fast，A new human society appears in human society，That is "otaku" and "otaku"。They don't have to go out，Not only hungry，And can know the world，It seems to confirm the words in the Tao Te Ching more than 2,000 years ago，"Don't go home，Know the world;，See heaven。Its out of Mi Yuan，Its knows "。Does this overthrow the theory of Marxist theory about the theory of understanding from practice? No。Any understanding comes from practice，This is Knowledge，is direct knowledge，is the production of knowledge; the indirect Bet365 app download knowledge obtained from the Internet。If there is no direct knowledge producer，It is impossible for people to gain any knowledge from the Internet，Just as there is no factory production product，It is impossible to buy anything online from the Internet。The more developed science and technology，The more channels and possibilities of indirect knowledge。But if there is no person engaged in practice and knowledge，It is impossible to obtain any indirect knowledge。Just as the producer without a TV series，I can't see any TV series from TV。Therefore，The process of knowledge should be the creator of knowledge (direct practitioner) -li -flow channel (various communication methods) -The knowledge recipient (indirect knowledge)。This is the same as material production。Producer (Product) - Circulation Channel -Consumer。No practice，There is no knowledge producer; no producer，There is no product consumer。We value practice in the field of understanding，Just as the real economy is valued in the field of material production。

　　Knowledge and true knowledge

Knowledge is not true bet365 best casino games knowledge，This is Hegel's famous saying。Actually，Chinese philosophers also have similar words: "People don't have a diet also，Fresh can know the taste。"Although everyone diet every day，But there are very few people who really understand food and become gourmets。Different scientific philosophy and specific science，It seeks truth from knowledge。Schopenhauer said，The task of philosophy is not to observe more things that people have not seen，Instead, I think about what everyone can see but no one thinks about。Indeed，Science is found new principle，Technology is a new tool for invention，Philosophy is thinking about things that people are accustomed to and discovering new wisdom。

Some people have a contempt attitude towards Marxist philosophy，Speaking of non -material first sex、Consciousness second sex，So such。Actually，Such people do not understand Marxist philosophy at all。Even if it can recite the original Marxist philosophy, it does not mean that I really understand。Each principle in Marxist philosophy，It can be said that it Bet365 lotto review is the crystallization of human rich knowledge，All are a history of human understanding development。The first sex of the material、Consciousness The second sex as an example，Can you deeply understand its connotation? Until now，Do all philosophers agree? No。Just look at the thought of contemporary Western philosophers，Some people who advocate idealism are。This is because the principle is not easy in theoretically empirical evidence。How to think of the brain、How to enter the human brain of objective things，This transformation process has not yet figured out。As for how the society exists to determine social consciousness，Its mechanism、Method, etc.，Still is a problem to be studied。

　(The author is the Honorary First -level Professor of Renmin University of China)