Digital gap refers to the modern information tool owner and the unwanted person，There is a huge difference in information available，Specific manifestations of the benefits brought by information technology。This concept first appeared in the United States in 1995，It has spread to Europe and other parts of the world in the world in the world.。By 2000，The academic community basically reached a consensus on the specific concepts of digital gaps and related issues covered。In recent years，The development of digital technology itself and their value and influence on society have become major issues that are concerned about common attention from all walks of life，Related discussions are continuously deepened，The perspective and methods of related academic research are also increasingly rich and diverse。Digital Honggou has always been a problem that the academic community is quite concerned，Especially for the question of how to cross the digital gap，Governments of various countries have made policy attempts。

　　Bet365 app download

According to the introduction of Jan A. G. M. Van Dijk, Professor Rongxiu, Department of Communication at the University of Tevinte University,，Digital gap and related research can be divided into three levels，Corresponding to three periods。

The first is the physical access level，From 1995 to 2003。1995，U.S. "Los Angeles Times" uses the word "digital gap" for the first time。Subsequent，The National Telecom and Information Administration issued a report "" Fish of Lottery ": A Survey of the poor in the countryside and the city in the United States，Describes the characteristics of people who cannot enjoy national information infrastructure in rural and major cities in the United States，Including low -income family、Aboriginal people and ethnic minorities、Low educational level。Reporting "Digital Glutology" many times in the report，Let this concept popular in the media and the American politics。2001，"Digital Gully: Citizen: Citizen Global: Citizen participation、Information Poverty and Internet "Book，Become the first academic work Bet365 app download on digital gaps that have been cited frequently。Norris mainly discusses the physical access level of digital gaps，Is there a computer、Can it access the Internet，and distinguish the global gap between developed countries and developing countries、Social gap between the rich and poor people within a country、Whether to use Internet resources for the democratic gap of community participation。

1995-2001，Computer ownership and Internet access rates in the United States and some European countries have risen sharply，People have a positive and optimistic attitude about the new information and communication technology。But another sound began to appear around 2001。Some scholars proposed，Digital gap does not exist，This concept itself is a pseudo -proposition。Many people also think，Digital equipment and services and broadcasts、TV、Telephone, etc.，There will also be a "trickle effect"，In the end, everyone will popularize everyone。2000-2005，The number of research results on digital gaps has reached the peak。These studies and discussions are economists、Telecommunications researcher、Policy maker or business leader led，Almost all of these leaders are Americans。They hold the technical viewpoint，It is believed that the spread of new technologies is full of opportunities and inevitable，Market power is started，Digital equipment and services will be fully popularized。

The second is the skill and use level，From 2004, it has continued to this day。This period，Scholars and policy makers have begun to cross the scope of discussion of physical visits，Social scientists first propose "Digital Glutology is a complex dynamic phenomenon"。Professor Paul Atteewell, a professor of sociology at the city of New York, USA、Eszter Hargittai, a professor of Internet use and social research at Zurich University, etc., emphasized the inequality of information technology use and digital literacy。Their core point of view is: if there is no necessary skill、Knowledge、Support for effective use，It is useless to have physical access。Digital gap issues are first society、Economy、Culture and political issues，instead of technical issues。

This period，Computer volume is getting smaller and smaller、Computing speed is getting faster Bet365 lotto review and faster、The price is getting lower and lower，Internet access rate and computer purchase volume rose rapidly。2004-2014，The proportion of Internet users in the world's total population has risen less than 15%to nearly 45%。Since 2004，Social media and smartphone industries are booming，greatly improved the user experience。The first ten years of the 21st century，The Internet becomes part of the daily life of more than 70%of the population in developed countries。but but，In a developing country，The population ratio of accessing and using the Internet is far lower than that of developed countries。Government institutions and educational institutions of various countries are gradually realizing，Only let new Internet users get skills and related applications，can support the economy、Social and Cultural Development。

So，With the rapid popularity of the Internet，The focus of the study of digital gap towards new user skills，Significant extension of the research scope，and incorporate opportunities and inequality topics in。Since 2004，The term "Digital Glutin" is becoming more and less than in academic publications，Keywords are transformed into "Internet/social media use", "digital/information literacy", "digital skills" and other related opportunities、The concept of inequality and application。2004，New conceptual framework and operating definition of digital literacy and Internet use types are constantly emerging，Some researchers began to be in the laboratory、Test digital skills in field experiments。Another focus of the study of digital gap at this stage is the user group，Many scholars have noticed that the "use gap" similar to the knowledge of knowledge began to appear -some people mainly use it to help them get information、Internet products that receive education or enhance professional competitiveness，Other people mainly use entertainment and Internet products for simple business and communication purposes。Since 2004，Most digital gap research focuses on the differences and inequality of computer and Internet use。Although these studies are still in the United States，But Britain、Netherlands、Spain、Brazil、Chile、Mexico、Korea、Singapore、China's research is more abundant and attracted attention，Explain that this field Bet365 app download becomes increasingly international。

The third is the result level，From 2012 to the present。With the popularization of computers and the Internet，Some scholars and policy makers began to think about digital gaps to citizens、Influence of institutions and society。2012，Professor of Sociology at Madrid Autonomous University in Spain, Christopbar Torres Albero and the Department of Applied Social Science at the University of Madrid, the Department of Applied Social Science, Madrid, José Manuel Robles Morales carried out an Internet access and survey and proposed，Those who do not access the Internet and do not have the necessary skills will not be able to benefit from more and more wireless alternative network services。In the same year，Jane Fan Dick and Professor of Communication at Turned University of Dutch Alexander J. A. M. Van Deursen, Alexander J. M. Van Deursen，Digital skills lack and digital technology failure leads to a decrease in productivity of Dutch workers。At the same time，People with a high degree of education、Young people benefit from the Internet that is much higher than those with low education level、Elderly。

In the past 5 years，Internet and terminal equipment further popularized。"Digital Low" accounts for 10%-33%of the population in developed countries，But in developing countries, as many as 50%-90%。Researchers and policy makers have begun to pay attention to the results used by the Internet and digital media。Someone questioned the particularity of the digital gap -after all, there are new technologies in each era。From the perspective of Jane Fan Dick，Visit and use printing media for emerging information and communication technology、Broadcast、TV、Phone is more important，Because the former is general technology。Although traditional technology is obtained for knowledge、Entertainment、Communication plays an important role，But the Internet and digital media are the need for everyone in contemporary society when playing any role。Digital gap affects individuals in education、Work、Market、Community、Participation in the fields of politics and culture，Determine whether the individual is integrated into society or is excluded。

　　Critical data Study Rise

Enter the second ten years of the 21st century，Digital infrastructure construction and application bet365 live casino games acceleration，Big Data、The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology，The Internet of Things rises quickly。The role and impact of the Internet and data on society increased together，Many major issues are arisen with it。For example，Large -scale research data will help us create better tools、Service and public items，Or the new wave of privacy violations and invasive marketing? Whether data analysis helps understand the online community and political movement，Will it change our way of studying human communication and culture? then，Critical data research is born and emerged。

2012，Researcher Danah Boyd, Microsoft Research Institute, and senior chief researcher Kate Crawford published an article "Critical Issues of Big Data" for，The rise of big data is both technical phenomenon，It is also a social phenomenon，Therefore, it is necessary to question the relevant assumptions and prejudice。They regard big data as a technology、Analysis、Culture based on the interaction of myths、Technology and academic phenomena。Technology refers to maximizing computing power and algorithm accuracy，to collect、Analysis、Contact and relatively large data sets; analysis refers to the identification mode based on large data groups，To put forward the economy、Society、Technical and legal specifications; myths refer to large data groups to provide higher -level wisdom and knowledge forms，From this, there is an impossible insight for the past，and with truth、Objective、Aura of accuracy。Boyd and Crord Ford proposed six arguments，Discussion on big data in various fields: Big data changes the definition of knowledge; claims that big data is absolutely objective、Accurate is misleading; big data is not always better data; if you leave the background，Big data will lose meaning; can obtain it does not mean that it meets ethics; a limited access to big data creates a new digital gap。

"Critical Issues of Big Data" aroused the interest of academic circles for research on critical data，The term "criticism of critical data" for the first time is Craig M. Dalton, the University of Hofstra, the University of Hofstra, and the University of Washington University of Washington University Jim Thatcher, assistant professor at the Comma Campus City Research Assistant。The article published in 2014 "What is the research bet365 live casino games of critical data and why do we care about it? "A number of key arguments are proposed，To promote the comprehensive criticism of the new data system。

First，Big data must be placed in time and space。Statistical drawing of the 19th century、Social Physics，Geographical Measurement Revolution of the 1950s and 1960s、Marketing based on geographical population segmentation and the cycle of prosperity of the information technology industry，All created conditions for the advent of the era of big data。Now，Big data embedded in the social process，Born a company、Government、Between citizens、New power geometric learning。We must ask: Who is the data? What specifications are based on data collection?

Second，Technology will never be as neutral as it looks like。In the process of creating and interpreting big data，Big data technology will always be determined with the cultural environment。Try to examine big data，It will cause people to ignore the fundamental conceptual influence of big data technology。We must ask: What does quantification mean? Big data as a technical form，What possibilities and constraints do we bring to our culture and life?

third，Big data cannot determine social form。The relationship between technical change and society is intricate，The role of big data in social changes is far from data analysis or as simple as social modeling。Technology innovation、Production、Application is full of power、Economy、Identity、In the social background of elements such as prejudice，and reflect the social background。A technology cannot be separated from its background，Can't determine social forms。

Fourth，Data is never unprocessed。Production and interpretation of all data，All the results of social practice。Each data model of information coding and establishment structure，All follow the idea of ​​R & D personnel。What information is quantified、Storage、Classification? What are discarded?，This understanding of data can reveal some meaningful laws。

Fifth，"Big" does not mean everything。Big data analysis cannot answer all questions，Therefore, it cannot replace more mature qualitative and quantitative research methods。In qualitative research，Scientific researchers directly ask the participants' personal feelings and bet365 Play online games motivations，Get the depth of the participants' position、Detailed information。In field research，Scientific researchers experience a place in person、A background，These are difficult to provide big data。other，The difference between correlation and causality、The value of the data group still exists in the era of big data。Combining big data with "small data" and other existing research channels to coordinate and use，Can be studying topics、Method、Concept、Develop new possibilities and other aspects。

2016，The journal "Big Data and Society" of the American Saiji Publishing Company published the "Critical Data Research" special issue，Multi -country scholars from philosophy、Governance、Scientific research ethics、Financial Market、Agriculture、Development and assistance explores the interaction between data and the entire society and the daily life of the individual。They said，Critical data research provides necessary tools for people，People can use these tools to enhance their digital literacy，and work hard for data fairness。Critical data research should also encourage people to think about data science in common interest frameworks and social backgrounds。