The Black People's Rights Movement, which began in the mid -1950s，The Freud incident and large -scale anti -discrimination parade after the spread of the epidemic of new crown pneumonia，The United States has always been in the great epidemic disease of racism。Why is the wound of American racial problems that has been healed for a long time? American scholar Avidit Achaa、The "Deep Roots: How Slave Roots: How Slavery Still Shapes Southern Politics)，Try to find answers from a historical perspective。They think，The persistence effects of slavery and the problems of racial left after the Northern and Southern War，Deep and differentiated embedded in the political territory of the American contemporary American，The deep historical root source of the political differentiation of the ethnic group。

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Avidit Achaa and other scholars use American county -level data to inspect the contemporary impact of American slavery，It is found that the higher the degree of attachment to slavery before the Civil War，Today, it is more conservative in the self -identification of white party in the United States、Policies that are more opposed to benefiting African Americans (such as the equal rights movement)、Express more racial hostility or lower favorability for blacks。It can be said，The historical heritage of slavery has affected the political attitude of contemporary social society。

From the perspective of the party form before the American civil war，Although there are obvious economic split in southern slave regions and non -slave regions，But slavery itself is not a key factor for split voters and political parties。For national policies，bet365 live casino games Huge and Democratic Party in the southern United States are trying to position themselves as defenders of slavery，So the prominent problem before the civil war is the intense relationship between the commercial interests of the black belt and the free people in the northern region。With the abolition of slavery after the Civil War，White people have suffered a huge impact on politics and economy。In politics，African Americans have voting rights to change political power balancing，White's control over political affairs is challenged。In terms of economy，Liberation policy during the reconstruction period，Increase the salary paid by white people to black people，And the supply time of black people is reduced，The owner and businessmen of the white plantation garden have lost the initiative to use cheap labor。At the social level，The end of slavery has made poor white and black people get relatively equal legal identity，As a result。So，The white ethnic group in the south has a great motivation to use formal or informal mechanisms，Political vacuum left after the collapse of slavery。

From the liberation of the slave to the early 20th century，The final development method of Southern American society is，Facing the new trend of political and economic development，Strongly maintain the existing racial order。This choice of white people in the south，Make Southern American society start fixed on a specific road in the political attitude and political behavior，and hinder the choice of other paths，These models depends to a large extent on the power of political and economic incentive measures after slavery collapse。It can be said，From the liberation of slave to the 20th century is a key node，During this period，Old racial order was overturned，Instead of the formation of political attitude and behavior differences in other parts of the United States and bet365 live casino games other regions in the south。

　　Intergenerational transmission to exacerbates ethnic political differentiation

History of the disintegration of slavery in the United States，fundamentally affected the political differentiation of ethnic groups in contemporary society，and the derivative mechanism through the dependence of the behavior path achieves the intergenerational transmission process。

The history of slavery in the United States and the political differentiation of contemporary ethnic groups，There is a certain degree of persistent connection。Passing over time，Although the difference between regional influence of slavery is gradually decreasing，But in terms of racial attitude，The influence of slavery is the intergenerational transmission，Through intergenerational socialization and institutional strengthening, two mechanisms，This process is realized。One，In the field of citizen's attitude and behavior，"Youth -Parental Socialization Group Investigation" by analyzing the relationship between white parents racial preferences and children，It indicates that the ethnic attitude of generations has obvious inheritance，and continue to exist over time，This is an intergenerational social mechanism。Its two，Institutional enhancement and behavioral path dependencies are strengthened，Never create feedback effects。At the end of social reconstruction，The US federal government intervention gradually weakens，Prove the facts，The visibility of economic incentive mechanism and violence，All deeply affect the individual's view of ethnic minorities。

On the one hand，As a strategy to maintain the unity of the white ethnic group，Race violence and criminal crimes to suppress the economic liquidity of blacks and set up political participation barriers for the purpose，Gathering white groups，In fact, a mobs have been formed，strengthened the sense of domination of white people。On the other hand，bet365 Play online games In terms of system and law，White ethnic groups (mainly including anti -wandering methods) and various Jim Coumore methods through the codes that are not conducive to black people，Regulations for prohibiting alien marriages，and black isolation education to limit the right to black people; cooperate with local control through criminal judicial system，Use lease crimes to reduce the external selection value of black people，Get cheap labor; through the head tax、Regulations for voting fees、Reading and writing ability testing and other deprivation of black people's right to election。other，Some informal systems and social specifications，For example, "racial etiquette" and hierarchical hints of various languages ​​and limbs，It is also used to weaken the possibility of establishing alliances between blacks and non -elite white people。

Generally speaking，Driven factors that depend on behavioral path dependencies，Intergenerational socialization and institutional strengthening，Created a political culture of ethnic differences at the local level。From family to school，From community to social organizations，The division and differentiation of the American ethnic group's politics realize the intergenerational transmission and long -term duration through different behavioral path dependency mechanisms。

　　The political differentiation of the ethnic group weakens American democracy

Since 1960，Legislative intervention such as the Civil Rights Act and the Vote of Policy，Together with the civil rights movement, and the subsequent social activities led by African Americans and other groups，Promoting and promoting social change，Reduced systemic inequality between black and southern white，also reduced the differences between regions with different degrees of attachment to slavery。But the fact that the political differentiation Bet365 app download of the contemporary American ethnic group is still clearly visible，Popularized the stability of the American political structure and society。

​​First，Political Division of American ethnic group lurking in contemporary political acts，Threats the inherent integration and unity of the American nation。Federal intervention measures have certain effects in the gap between economic and education，But the facts of facts caused by the concept of race differences cannot be filled。Clearness of border politics is guiding the government to respond，Differential division of society into different parts based on differences。When the policy is formulated, the attention is transferred from the citizen's identity to the state to the attitude towards the ethnic minority group，It is very likely to be solidified by promoting the "multi -ethnic" regulation mode，Strengthen the closedness and exclusiveness of the ethnic minorities itself，Then weaken the cohesion of the community。

Next，Political Division of Political Division of the United States increases political polarization。Expressing over time，The heritage of slavery history prompted the development of the United States' politics and policies in a more conservative direction。Since the reorganization of the party，Both parties are based on race self -category，The competition of political parties has significantly exacerbated the political intensity of ethnic differentiation。For example，Trump has called for the prohibition of Muslim immigrants during the campaign，and propose the policy of separating the US -Mexico border to separate immigration families，Voting to suppress the minority group，Dilute the voting base of the Democratic Party。From the perspective of the current positioning of the two parties，Democrat，Relatively progress，and the Republican Party is more conservative。But，bet365 Play online games In the era of the truth，Contacts based on value -based recognition within the American society，It is gradually replacing the relationship that was originally established based on economic policy，In this case，It is difficult to soften the position of different parties。With the overlapping of new crown pneumonia and social crisis，Transmission of racial border consciousness in American politics，It is undoubtedly the differentiation acceleration of the rich and the poor in the United States、Dangerous signals of political polarization ecology and rigid political system。

Last，Political Division of American ethnic groups challenges the operation of contemporary American democracy。Never match the practice of contemporary American system design and democratic governance，Actually challenge a hypothesis，That is, the gain mechanism of the gain in the constitutional framework around the system structure，Can achieve benign feedback。Although the regulatory restrictions of power can temporarily reach political balance，The new civil rights movement may still happen in the future society of the United States。Along with the continuous amplification of the annual overflow effect of the US election，Raceism as the dark side of democracy，It has become an extremely unstable interventional factor。In the operation of the US election system，Politics of the ethnic group is controlled as a chip，It is easy to use the intensification of class conflict as the contradiction explosion point，Twisted to the spirit of democracy。

History shaping contemporary political culture，History as a mirror can know Xingbi。Facing the influence of the proliferation of the politics of the American ethnic group on globalization，Multi -ethnic developing countries respond to the historical formation of the political differentiation of the United States ethnic group and keep a sober cognition for potential Bet365 app download risks，More rationally judging this difference for reality and possible consequences in the future。

(Author Unit: School of Political Science and Public Management of East China University of Political Science and Law)