What is gray plastic? Gray plastic is based on lime as the main material，Paper tendon、Straw and other auxiliary materials，Color and shaped color，Used to modify the house，It has the effect of ventilation and dehumidification，It has prevailed in Lingnan since the Ming Dynasty，Has high art and practical value。2008，Gray plastic is included in the national intangible cultural heritage list。Promote traditional crafts，Need to inherit and develop skills，You should also clarify the history of the craftsmanship。Current，The origin of ash plastic is misunderstood，It is necessary to identify it。

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Always，The academic community is contained in "Song Gao Seng Biography"，Dis -gray shaping originated in the Tang Dynasty。But the understanding of "gray plastic" in the text，But because of the error of the sentence break，Not facts。

"The Biography of Song Gao" said: "Zhonghe Four Years，Stab History Liu Rangjue's Father Zhongye，Sudden night dream a purple clothes monk cloud，I have a disciple wooden fork，West of the Funeral Temple。For a long time。Jun can come out，Still showing its burial center。First Dream，I don’t mind。Dream of Dream Ruchu。Zhongxun's Dream Show to be interrupted。See the two surnames occupy the residence。So Rao Qian City 焉。Open acupoint can be three -foot, but a sitting letter。Suizhi。There is a relic to light on the bone。Destiny Burning Burning Burning more than 800 pieces。Emperor Emperor of the Table。敕 敕。”

Chuanwen mentioned，Tang Yizong in the four years of Zhonghe (884): "The statue of the ash of the burning。"" Today's sentence is "Burning Burning，Gray Statue "，Therefore, the conclusion that the gray plastic originated from the Tang Dynasty。In fact，According to the meaning of the front and back words，It should be cut bet365 Play online games off as "Burning the gray，Statue "。This "gray" is ashes，instead of lime。Break as "Gray Plastic"，Not only does not agree，material with gray plastic，The palms of the Buddhist gate are not in line。

Material words，Gray -shaped named "Lime"，Tang Yongzong's statue of Gao Monk，Unlikely "lime"。According to Liang Sicheng's "History of Chinese Sculpture"，Sculpture originated from the stone era，Wood carving、Main clay sculpture，During the Jin Dynasty, the Buddhist statue activity is prosperous，So far, there are a lot of clay sculpture and copper、Stone statue。Various types of sculptures are mostly used for materials，、Stone、Copper、Main。until the post -Tangwu back，Although the statue of gray limestone becomes fashion，But the limestone of the statue，It is very different from the "lime" of gray plastic。

Words of Buddhist Story，Buddhism prevails cremation，It is not uncommon to worship with monks with ashes after cremation。The record time is similar to the "Song of the Song Gao Monk"，Duan Cheng formula living in the 9th century，Believe in Buddhism，Its "Liyang Miscellaneous" records: "Changan Pingkangfang Bodhi Temple，First of all monks，Don’t say name，Frequently negative beam，Sit under the west corridor。Temple Gangwei may persuade its housing。Said: I hate me? Qiye，Then I burn myself with a bouquet。Zhi Ming，Weiyo ear，Bloodless Stink。Everyone knows as a strange person，Suizheng ash is the monk on the temple of the Buddha。The world is the grass master。"" Cao Cao Master's self -immolation of the ashes，It is worshiped by the statue。

So，The so -called "gray plastic"，Actually "plastic ash"，Refers to "Bar ash statue"，is the ashes and soil of the monks and nuns、fragrant gray、Hydalum lime hybrid plastic plastic monk prototype。Or a monk in a monk with clay sculpture，Apply to ashes again。Tang Dynasty clay sculpture art is extremely developed，General Buddha statues are shaped by the Buddha statue, which uses clay bet365 best casino games sculptures as the bottom。Therefore，"Gray Plastic" related to the ashes of the high monk，Non -ash plastic。

　Early prototype

but but，Origin of gray plastic，Indeed with Buddhist relations，During the period may be the Tang Dynasty in the prosperity of Buddhism。

In the currently visible literature，The earliest appeared、The closest to the later "gray plastic" is the "South China Sea Return to Internal France"。Chuanwen contains: "Therefore, under the tree -conscious tree，Inside the King of Luyuan，and Yu Shengshi all have the base ear of the world and sutra。Kuke two elbows, fourteen five elbows, two elbows。Brick brick。Shang Nai Lime Plastic Lotus Open。Gao can two elbow width and one foot，There are fourteen and fifth tables of sacred footprints，Based on the base of the two ends，Quantity and others，Or can be set up as a Sakyama statue。"" When depicting the place where the death of the South China Sea Rooster's death and respecting the sutra，Clearly mentioned a tablet based on bricks and stones，A high two elbow with lime shaped above、Open Lotus that is only one foot wide。

I know，Chinese people have learned about the "gray plastic" with lime as the main material in the early Tang Dynasty，This process is closely related to Buddhism，But this "gray plastic" is not in China，It is not plastic by Chinese people。

Especially worth noting is，At that time, the death of the kingdom of Shi Lifo to control most areas of the Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Islands，That is, most parts of Malaysia and Indonesia now。Lingnan and Southeast Asia with water，Natural environment is similar，Frequent cultural exchanges，Deep source，and the transmission of gray -shaped buildings through Buddhism，Pass with Buddhist architectural art to the Lingnan area，The possibility is not small。The currently reserved gray -shaped building，The oldest in history is kept in Lingnan area，Also due to cause。

Craft development

The emergence of Lingnan ash plastic and large -scale application，Limited bet365 Play online games by lime technology，From the perspective of the general time limit of the appearance and development of the gray plastic process。

The theory of gray -plastic craft material，Traditional gray -plastic "ash"，It is a mixed material dominated by lime。Due to the lack of limestone mineral resources in the eastern coast of Guangdong，Material，Use oyster shell、Burning shell to burn the shell ash，Blended into Hezha、Straw、Jade buckle paper、brown sugar、Glutinous rice、salt, etc.，Mix with a certain proportion，Then pounds into a paste in a manual way。Cream delicate，High adhesion，Storm resistance。The main material of coloring is also lime，Add straw or grass paper to make mud，Add the blended color ash with pigments with minerals，Color gray sculpture graphics。From this perspective，The emergence of gray plastic、Development、Prosperity，Corresponding to the technical development of lime with the ancestors，Do not ignore the evolution process of lime use technology。

According to archeological discovery，China in the Yangshao Culture period，"White ash surface" that has appeared on the four walls of the cave。Hougang in Anyang, Henan、Yangshao Village, Xingchi County、Douzai and other sites of Baoji, Shaanxi，It also found the architectural relic of white and gray surface，provides evidence for the use of lime for early Chinese buildings。Lack of limestone due to lack of lime，Take the materials on the spot，The oyster house with rugged rugged mountains is lime，Because of the ancient clam, the ancient said，Eight windows of four households per room。According to Du You's "Tong Dian": "Two windows on the side。Window aid is Mingye，Eight windows of four households per room。Bai Sheng，蜃。Tyan ash wall，Use to decorate the wall。"" When the ancients built Mingtang，Burning the large clam shell after burning the white soil，Use to decorate the wall。"Zuo Zhuan" read: "In the second year of Chenggong Bet365 app download (before 589)，Song Wengong's death。Start burial，Use carbon，Benefit horse，Start with martyrs。"Burning clam for charcoal with 瘗圹，Wet moisture prevention，Failure to preserve the tomb。"Zhou Li · Qiu Guan · Si Kou" reads: "Chimi's palm removal of the wall house。With charcoal attack，Sprinkle with ash poison。Fanwa House，Except its raccoon。""，The ancients have mastered the method of making different lime materials，and applied to daily life，But no record for shaping the statue。

The latest until the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Adding various additives to lime has been developed to achieve technology with better use effect。Six years of Southern Song Dynasty (1170)，When Li Shun is built with the city city，Creatively "Brick and gray in the city wall wrap in five layers of brick ash，Glutinous rice porridge tune the gray paving city noodles and buildings "，Make the city gate majestic、Study for a long time。evidence，During the Southern Song Dynasty。The "Book of Mud" in the "Book of Nongshu" in the Yuan Dynasty of the Yuan Dynasty: "Use brick dandruff as the end，Bai Shan Ni、Tung oil withered (Tung oil is prolapsed with oil)、莩 Carbon lime、glutinous rice glue，The previous five pieces were divided into the last，Bridge of glutinous rice gum。"This technology is similar to that of glutinous rice gums such as ash plastic。but but，In the literature of this period，Horizons shaped with lime statues are also rare。

　　prosperous in Ming

To the Ming Dynasty，The technique of lime use reaches a very high level，It has the possibility of large -scale use。

"Tiantong Kaiwan" contains: "Everyone is used for the use of the fire and the Fire is used for。billion yuan wall，Entering the water will never be bad。billion Baizhou，billion yuan wall，Asphyating gap to prevent prostitution，Is it necessary。Baili inside and outside，The soil must be born with vermiculite，Stone with cyan as the top，Huang Baiji's。Stone must cover the soil for two or three Bet365 app download feet，Digging and Disposal，Those who see the wind of the earth do not use。Gray Fire Coal Creation Nineteen，Paying Carbon 11。Take coal mud first and make cakes，One layer of coal cake，One layer of the barrier stone，Powding at the bottom of the salary，Burning Huoji。Best Said ore，The most evil one is called kiln。The firepower is rear，Crispystone，Placed in the wind for a long time to blow into powder。Those who urgently use it with water fertile，Also dissolved。"When a large amount of coal and mud are made into coal cakes for firing lime，The production cost of lime is reduced，Output rising，As a result of large -scale use of lime is possible。

The cost of lime use is reduced at the same time，Lime use technology is greatly improved。"Tiantong Kaiwan" records: "Fan ash uses the seam of the boat，Cong Tong oil、Fish Oil thickness thickness、Xiluo，Whenever the oil pestle thousands of times。Used to build a wall stone，Then sieve off the stone，Water tone bonding。墁 still use oil ash。Used to stall the wall，。It is used for the tomb and the storage pool，The gray is one point，Enter the river、Loess two points，Use glutinous rice、Sheep Vine juice and uniform，Lightly building solid，Never bad，Name of Sanhe Tu。The rest of the culvert and paper。It is difficult to describe the function。"" At that time, it could develop to according to different needs，Select different additives to achieve different use effects，Show the development of lime use technology。

Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty，China really entered the era of lime very conveniently。At the same time，Add glutinous rice soup to the lime、Yangtao Teng Juice、Tung oil and other glue juice，All are sticky objects，can enhance the adhesion of lime，The production process of mixed materials with gray plastic。It is based on this technology，Craftsmen can make it into a more plastic -pinching mud，Meet the high requirements of gray -plastic finished products that are not afraid of changes in the times。

bet365 live casino games To say，The ancients in the Tang Dynasty had been in contact with the "gray plastic" (can only be called lime shaping)，The latest until the Song and Yuan Dynasties，The general technology of the statue of lime shaping has been mastered，But the sculpted statue record of rare lime in the literature。To the Ming Dynasty，Enter the period when the lime is more prosperous，There are more records of gray plastic in literature，The current ash plastic that remains is mostly in the Ming and Qing buildings。Must be acknowledged at the same time，Widely used lime in the Ming Dynasty、Before the advancement of technology，It is difficult to evaluate the gray plastic in the folk ancestral hall、Temple View、The frequency of the house decoration of the mansion of the giants，Related research is still waiting for the further excavation of the literature and the field。

(Author Unit: General Education Center of Guangdong University of Technology)