Mao Zedong's dialectics has great originality，But this originality has long been ignored to a large extent。It is ignored，When it comes to French materialist interpretation of Marx's dialectics and Hegelist interpretation。In these two types of interpretations，Because of a series of original concepts of Mao Zedong's dialectics, it cannot be included in it，It can only "cut" its unique "foot" with the established "performance"。But，Mao Zedong's very original dialectics is not only a huge innovative contribution to Marxist dialectics，More Marxism deep Chinese，Creation of Chinese -style Marxist dialectics system opens an extremely broad theoretical vision。For the people who are working hard to build the road of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics today，This is a rare theoretical treasure，Urgently needs to be re -investigated and in -depth mining。

　　Bet365 lotto review

The originality of Mao Zedong's dialectics is ignored for a long time，forcibly incorporated into French materialism interpretation and interpretation of Hegelism，The fundamental reason is that Mao Zedong's dialectics is a dialectical method for practical wisdom，The previous interpretation of the Malx Dialectics，Whether it is French materialism -like，Still Hegelist，All the dialectics of traditional theoretical wisdom。This popular interpretation field of view is naturally unable to understand the uniqueness of Mao Zedong dialectics，Therefore, it can only be removed with some kind of cut，It is convenient to incorporate into the epidemic interpretation。Very true，In recent years, many thesexes have discussed Mao Zedong’s practical and wisdom dialectics，But this kind of discussion often talks too much about practical wisdom，without the difference between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom，The difference between the practical and wisdom dialectics and theoretical dialectics of theoretical wisdom is still blurred。Obviously，This general discussion is far from clarifying the major innovation of Mao Zedong's dialectics and its possibility of major changes in the perspective of Marxist dialectics。So，We must first clarify what Mao Zedong dialectics is a dialectical method for practical wisdom。

This must start with the difference between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom。The clear distinction between these two wisdom is divided into Aristotle。Aristotle divides human activities into speculation or theory、Practice、Creating or making three basic methods。The fundamental difference between it is the difference in the object domain: the object of speculation or theory is "eternal thing out of inevitable and unconditional"，In contrast, "Creation Bet365 lotto review and Practice Both are targeted by variable things"。But in view of modern philosophy，Especially in Hegel and Marx's philosophy，The hierarchical difference between the practice and the creation of Aristotle (the purpose of the former is within the activity，The purpose of the latter is beyond the activity) No longer established，Creation or material production labor is considered the most basic human practice method，The three -pointer of the human activity of Aristotle can be simplified into two points of theory and practice。This，It even shows the comparison between theoretical and practice based on the eternal and variability of its object。Since the fundamental difference between theory and practice is the difference between the eternal and variability of each object，So，The fundamental difference between theoretical wisdom and practice wisdom is naturally rooted in this。The object of theory is eternal，The theoretical wisdom as a grasp of this object，The method of grasping is the category or concept naturally, which is naturally constant; and since the object of practice is variable，Practical Wisdom as a grasp of this object，The method of grasping must naturally have some variability or non -eternal。In other words，Dialectics as the theoretical wisdom is the grasp of eternal objects in the unchanged category; and the dialectics of as a practical wisdom is to grasp the variable things in some way。

This is the point，It is not difficult for us to see what Mao Zedong's dialectics is a very different dialectics of theoretical wisdom、Dialectics as a practical wisdom。Here is the "Contradiction Theory" from the concentrated expression of Mao Zedong dialectics。According to Aristotle -based eternal and variability, the distinction between theory and practice，We see，"Contradiction Theory" is the first to set a variable world。This is the "three very noticeable new categories" called Mao Zedong's contradiction dialectical law.，That is, "the difference between the main contradictions and the secondary contradictions", "the main and the difference between the contradictions" and the "theory of contradiction imbalance development", and。Since "a big thing，During its development process，Contains many contradictions "，So，This is obvious，"Contradiction Theory" as the world of its object，Is a world that cannot be attributed to "one" or a single "one" or "more" or "miscellaneous" world。Because only in the "miscellaneous" world of heterogeneity，Only there can be a variety of contradictions coexist，Only the difference between the main contradictions and the secondary contradictions，Only the main aspects of contradictions and secondary aspects of contradictions，Only the main changes in the main contradictions and contradictions，The Bet365 app download "contradictional imbalance development" caused by things, which is the change of things。If the opposite of it，Set its object as "one" or "one - all"，Any real change is logically impossible。

and since the object of practice is a variable "miscellaneous" world，As a practical and wisdom dialectics that grasp it, it is a grasp of the conditions of the actual things of the object。Since the object is variable，The way of grasping it is to adapt to this variable。It must be noted here，Practice the grasp of variable objects for practical wisdom，It is not to grasp the eternity object with the concept of eternal concept with the dialectics of theoretical wisdom.，Grasp the object with the concept of change。Because this will make the words of the concept of the character lose certainty，So it is impossible to achieve the grasp of the object。Therefore，Under the variability of the adaptation object，What you need is not the change of the concept itself，Instead, the concept of concepts with certain meaning can accommodate the change of the object。This is the main contradiction and secondary contradiction、The main aspects of contradictions and secondary areas these two pairs of corresponding categories and their "unbalanced development" in development。We see，Unlike the general and special of theoretical dialectics、Essential and Phenomenon、It must be adapted to the opposite category that only adapts to the described objects，Main contradictions and secondary contradictions、The main aspects and secondary aspects of contradictions，and contradictory imbalance development are applicable to describe the development and changes of things。It is the "unbalanced development" of the "easy position" between the concepts of these corresponding categories "，The change of things is also presented。

Dialectics as a practical wisdom is naturally not satisfied with the change of things just describing things，Instead of understanding the conditions of things,，Looking for changes in involvement，To reach the fundamental mission of Marxism that changes the world as a cricket。Mao Zedong's analysis of the universality and relationship between contradictions in "Contradiction"，Especially for the main contradictions and secondary contradictions、Analysis of the "Easy Balanced Development" of the "Easy Location" between contradictions and secondary aspects，It is a complete set of methodological principles for practical wisdom provided by the practical body of the Chinese Revolution to guide the action of changing the world。

Obviously，Only in the above sense，We can say that Mao Zedong's dialectics is a practical and intelligent dialectics that is different from the theoretical and wisdom dialectics。

　　Mao Zedong Dialectics' Chinese Thinking Method Roots

In the history of Western Bet365 app download philosophy，Although Aristotle proposed the concept of practical wisdom a long time，The systematic description of it (in a sense, it can be considered that the relevant analysis of Aristotle is also a dialectical law of practical wisdom)，But in the history of Western philosophy，Especially in the history of modern philosophy，It is a dialectical law of theoretical wisdom。The opposite of the variability world set in practical wisdom，In the mainstream Western philosophy since Plato，As the target of its theoretical wisdom dialectics is a world that is "one -all" in the final analysis。Whether it is Plato's "ideas"，"God" of Christian creation，Hegel's "absolute spirit"，All are the only original original existence，The world of "more" is attributed to the "unique" existence of the biology。Under the domination of this dialectics，Even in the face of practical fields，It is also constructed by theoretical dialectics。This is here，I asked a question，That is the dialectics of Mao Zedong's practical wisdom.

For this question，The answer seems to only be，Chinese traditional thinking method for the deep Chineseization of Marxism。If so,，It means that the traditional Chinese thinking method and practical wisdom dialectics have some approximation，or，China's traditional way of thinking compared to the Western thinking method，More suitable for objects that grasp the changes，More suitable for constituting specific practical wisdom，instead of abstract theoretical wisdom。Differences or differences about Chinese and Western thinking methods，People have more discussion，But Zhang Dongzhang's saying seems more refined: Chinese philosophy "focuses on talking with Becoming and not focusing on Being"; therefore, "Westerners' philosophy always asks about one thing; the Chinese are only Chinese people only Talk about the relationship between one elephant and other elephants。For example, Yiyang, Yiyin, one and one open。In short，Westerners are directly penetrated，And the Chinese are implicitly ... The Chinese people think that there is a change between the image and the image and the elephant. "。One is "direct penetration"，One is "Hengneng"，This comparison can be said to vividly show the differences in Chinese and Western thinking methods。Since "the philosophy of the Westerners always ask the thing behind the one"，So，This question must be the original "one - all"，such as "ideas", "absolute spirit", etc.，and treat everything as a derivative or "construction" for this "one -all"。Obviously，This is the basic way of grasping objects of theoretical wisdom。And China's thinking mode is "only one talk between one elephant and other elephants" "horizontal implication"，The premise of this thinking can only Bet365 lotto review be a "miscellaneous" world that coexists with various contradictions or things，The purpose of thinking is not to attribute it to an unchanged existence，but just to grasp its changes，"Becoming"，To grasp the timing，Make the trend，to effectively change the world。It is not difficult to see，Mao Zedong's main contradiction、The main aspect of the contradiction，The theory of non -balanced development of contradictions，It is the Chinese thinking method that is rooted in the above description。And this also shows why it has failed to develop in the West by practicing the dialectics of practical wisdom，In Chinese philosophy，Especially Mao Zedong, who is a politician and a philosopher, has achieved huge development。

　　Mao Zedong Dialectics' great contribution to Marxist philosophy

Mao Zedong root is based on the creative development of Chinese thinking about the dialectics of practical wisdom，It can be said that the vision of Marxist dialectics is largely expanded。This expansion not only means adding the fundamental aspect of the fundamental dialectics of practical wisdom，And it means that it is possible to create a Chinese -style Marxist dialectics system based on this contribution。This assertion naturally needs to be explained。

The key to understanding this assertion is to clarify the dialectical nature of Marx's "Capital"。No doubt，Marx's dialectics is to point to the practical philosophy that changes the world，But，The dialectics of "Capital" is not directly a dialectics of practical wisdom，Instead, Hegel's theoretical wisdom dialectical method with a materialist transformation。How to say this? The key to this is，On the one hand，This dialectical law acknowledges that "real subject" or the real world as a variety of contradictions coexisting and changing "still maintains its independence outside the mind"，and from abstraction to the specific "specific overall as the overall thinking overall、As a specific idea，In fact is the thinking、The product of understanding "，This means that "thought specific" or "one -all" here is just the structure of thinking，instead of real "self -comprehensive、Self -deepening and Self -movement "。On the other hand，More importantly，Marx's philosophy is pointing to changing the world，But what it points to "effectively changes the world"，instead of random action of no matter the consequences。This requires changing the action of the world with objective scientific basis。and science always to a certain extent, abstract grasp of the real world，That is, to grasp the essential regulations of the object abstract。The world to grasp the "capital theory" is undoubtedly the world of "miscellaneous"，But for such a "miscellaneous" world，Science cannot be directly grasped，and must be constructed with "abstraction" into a mathematical theoretical model，Dang bet365 best casino games Fang can make a scientific description of it。For the capitalist production method described in "Capital"，Marx first abstracted the "universal light" of the capitalist production method from the condition of coexistence in a variety of production relations，The standard is based，Different from the "change of the material in the economic conditions of production" distinguished from the "ideological form"，To build a mathematical value theory and surplus value theory system in the simplest conditions。After constructing such an abstract theoretical system，Gradually add the previous abstract factors，and based on the "universal light" based on capitalist production relations, reconstruction。This is the use of the theoretical wisdom dialectics of materialism in "Capital"。

Such a method of grasping objects of the theoretical wisdom dialectics，The goal pursued is to grasp the essential requirements of things in a precise way，Then gradually rise from abstraction to specific，A comprehensive grasp of reality and complex things。But this kind of process from abstraction to specific process，For the "miscellaneous" object of reality，It is extremely difficult，The completely specific specific is difficult to achieve，What is more important is，Even if it can achieve a more specific grasp，It also takes a long time。The creation of "Capital" has gone through nearly forty years，but not completed yet，is evidence。Of course，Science can gradually advance，However, it is impossible to wait for the complete theory of science，Instead, it is often urgent to use the action plan。Under this condition，It can only grasp the object in the way of practical wisdom dialectics，Forming action plan。This is because the dialectics of practical wisdom is not the way to reconstruct the object after abstracting the essential regulations，Instead, it is directly regarded as a complex existence of multiple contradictions，Find the main contradictions from it、The main aspect of the contradiction，and then seize the main contradictions and the main aspects of the contradictions，Take the corresponding intervention to achieve the goal of changing the world。In this，The abstract theory of science can also constitute a certain objective boundary in some way。Obviously，For Marxism that effectively changes the world as a cricket，Such a dialectical method of practical wisdom is a significant supplement to the dialectics of theoretical wisdom in Capital。

This is here，In Marxist philosophy，There are two dialectics: theoretical and wisdom dialectics and practice wisdom dialectics。These two dialectics are suitable for areas for scientific theoretical construction，Another is a domain for the formation of actual action solutions，Therefore，Although the bet365 best casino games two are different，But it is not contradictory，Instead, it constitutes a collaborative and complementary structure。Not only that，There are also mutual regulations between the two intelligent dialectics、Effective relationship between mutual promotion。On the one hand，Scientific theory composed of theoretical wisdom dialectics，There is a boundary or limited role for practical wisdom，That is, the theoretical wisdom has some construction role in practical wisdom; on the other hand,，Practice the grasp of the complex real world，The basis for which may constitute the theoretical and wisdom dialectical law further abstract inspection，You can also treat theoretical wisdom as an abstract structure of practical wisdom。So，Based on this mutual regulation、The relationship promoted each other，We can construct a Marxist dialectics system that contains theoretical wisdom and practice wisdom。In this system，Due to the basic status of practical wisdom for theoretical wisdom，And because of the foundation of Chinese thinking about the dialectical method of Mao Zedong developed by Mao Zedong，A dialectical system is a Chinese -style Marxist dialectics system。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Nankai University)