Within 10,000 years ago，Ancient culture in western Liaoning has accumulated the cultural tradition of millions of years in the Paleolithic era，Relying on the improvement of the fishing and hunting economy and the invention of the planting industry，The transformation from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age，Entering the period of Xinglongwa Culture (this article referred to the Xinglongwa Culture，Including the early, middle and late periods of Chahai site)。

Xinglongwa Culture has a broad distribution surface，It crosses the Siramullen River to the north，including Chifeng City in the southeast of Inner Mongolia and the southwest of Tongliao City，Arrives south to the northern northernmost region of Yanshan。Due to several large -scale ruins, it was found in the upper reaches of the Dai Niu River in Daling River，So you can think，The upper reaches of the Niu Niu River is a central area distributed by Xinglongwa culture，It is also the most representative area of ​​this culture，The Chahai site is even more important because of the giant stone pile dragon and other dragons such as giant stone pile dragons in the settlement center.，Cultural Relics Publishing House 2012 Edition)。Dragon and jade of the seas of the sea，We can have a deeper understanding of the start of civilization in western Liaoning.。

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Dragon image unearthed from the site of Chahai，Including the two categories of stone pile dragons and pottery dragon patterns。Chehahai Plastic Dragon unearthed from a naked reddish -brown Huagang rock pulse on the southwest to northeast of the center of the site，Plastic plastic for Xuanwu Rock Stone，19.7 meters in length，1.8-2.0 meters width，Large head faces southwest，Dragon Tail faces northeast，Basic and the direction of the room site is the same。Last、The stack of stackers at the dragon body is thicker and dense，and the tail stone is relatively loose。Its shape is huge，bet365 best casino games You can distinguish the head of the dragon、Tail，Long Ang's first mouth，Bending the back of the bow，The tail of the dragon is not clear enough，Loss of Illness，Generally given a feeling of a dragon,。Dragon's legs and feet are also vaguely visible。

Although the dragon body of this large plastic dragon is similar to that of the stone veins where the stone is used，The image seems not clear enough，But it can be determined as an artificial work。The image of the potted dragon pattern belongs to the relief decoration on the pottery。Dragon -shaped relief decoration The surface of a sand -shaped pottery can be seen at the site。One of the embosses on one of the pots is the curly dragon body of the inner plate，It can be seen that the end of the inner plate is a circular end; the relief on another pottery is dragon tail，Outside curling，The tail is pointed at the end。They all use the method of pressing the nest pattern，To show the scales of the dragon body，Unfortunately, the local image on the remnant tablets，Lack of the first part of the dragon。

The large house address of the Dragon Tail Plastic Dragon Term of Chahai，is the largest room site in the entire site，There are jade daggers in the room，These should be a symbol of the special identity of the owner of the room。Below the abdomen of the dragon，Also close to a cemetery and sacrifice pit，The tail is connected to the largest room site in the site，It also highlights the supreme status of the owner at that time。The mystery it has is obviously related to sacrifice，Reflect that the sacrifice worship of Chahai people has a high level of development。But at the same time，Because the relief dragon pattern of the Chahai site is also seen on the pottery in the room site，It does not seem to be completely differentiated from living utensils，It shows that the dragon has not formed a situation where a few people have completely exclusive at that time。

　　Exclusive jade use

The jade articles unearthed from the seas of Chahai are mainly two types，One is a device shape that is similar to its daily production and use of stone tools，Such as a small pyramider、Jade chisel bet365 live casino games and larger jade ax, etc.，Making is more refined，The shape is also more regular; the other type is far from the commonly used items，Similar to decorations，You can hang or wear it on the body or body，The main types are combinations of jade and jade dagger，There is another kind of jade tube -like thing，Their production is more refined than the previous category，It is also more difficult to make，It is the main representative of Chahai Jade。

Jade 玦 is a flat plane close to the positive circle，But there are jade wares in the week of the week。玦 The specific shape of 玦 can be subdivided into two types: one is a tube columnar，Both ends are flat，There is a slender gap on the side; the other is a ring -shaped，cross -section polyphoric or near oval。玦，They are all located on the two ears of the two sides of the head of the dead，玦，Not as people often imagine with the mouth card to the earlobe。When using jade 玦，It should be worn on the ear，Put the 玦 on the ear holes，It can be printed with examples with long earlobe in the ethnic material and large ear punching。Use of Jade 玦，It may have a special and important role in the process of the Ears in the process of Tong Shen.、can cause God to pay more attention to the relevant，To achieve the best effect to communicate with God。

Jade dagger is a long and well -proportioned flat strip -shaped jade。The head end is flat and the end is arc，There is a drilling hole near the head end，Inner concave in the middle of the body，Gradually thinning around，The edge of the edge has a blade without sharpness，The whole body is worn evenly and shiny。The length of the dagger -shaped device is different，The longest person can reach 10 cm in length，and the shortest person is only about 5 cm in length。Look at the unearthed location of the jade dagger in the tomb，It is a wearing it on a person，But the parts and quantities of the wearing are not as fixed as the jade cricket，can be in the neck、waist or other parts，1 person with a small number，7 pieces of multiple people。

Jade tube is a tube -like jade。body length，There is an external drum in the middle of the pipe，bet365 best casino games Makes the overall shape thick in the middle of both ends，Attopa at both ends。Smooth grinding。Jade tube individuals are generally smaller，​​The length is about 2-4 cm。

There are five situations in the unearthed position of the jade jade，From the cultural accumulation layer of the site、In the room site、Living Tomb、Sacrifice pit and surface collection。Jade、Dagger -shaped jade wares are found in the tomb strata，There are also unearthed in the room site，Other shapes types are unearthed in strata and rooms，Not seen in the tomb。Explain that there is no determined actual use of 玦 and dagger -shaped jade，Most of them are tombs，Especially funerals in the burial of the living room。Especially funerals in the burial of the living room。If the owner of the house of Chahai site F7 is a child，But to bury 7 jade daggers; F43's living room burial，1 pair of jade 玦 1 pair、7 pieces of pottery。Its funeral items are obviously richer or special compared to the tomb of the center of the site，It reflects the special nature of the tomb owner of the tomb，They have greater power and higher social status，And this status and power more important may come from their power of God。

Chahai site jade is mainly milky white、Light green and yellow wax。Out of scanning electronic microscope and infrared absorption spectrum analysis，Determined as a shower、Yang Qi Shi Jiyu。Explain that Chahai people have accurately recognized various hardness、The ability of different stones with different colors，and give them all kinds of attributes including divinity。

The cutting traces of the sea jade jade is very obvious，At that time, I had mastered the use of jade sand、Machining technology for cutting water to cut water for medium。Thinking in the process of processing molding、drilling、Polishing technology is also quite mature。The so -called stone diamond found in the seas of Chahai，Study through Deng Cong and Guo Dushun，It is a structure to firmly install the holes in the car pile，It should be a bearing in the wooden pheasant machine。Show the Zhahai site，The vertical axis of the wood and stone constructed invented，and bet365 live casino games very advanced and mature in production technology and form，It must not be the form of the most primitive bearings，Those exquisite jade crickets，It should be processed by this kind of pheasant machine。At that time。

　　Psychological culture developed

We can see，In the middle and late stages of Xinglongwa Culture represented by the heyday of Zhahai site，The belief of the dragon and the dedicated to jade occur at the same time，This must be the result of the needs of the current situation。Research indicates，From the middle and late stages of Xinglongwa culture，This culture is frequent in cultural exchanges with the south of Yanshan，The distribution has passed the Yanshan。Despite the results of the archeological research of the plant，Xinglongwa Culture ancestors have invented the cultivation of millet and 黍 黍，But the proportion of millet and 黍 in the food structure is not high，The agricultural cultivation it is engaged is extensive，In the early domestication and cultivation stage，Collection、Yu Lao、Hunting, etc. is still the main body of the way of life (Sun Yonggang's "Comparison Research on the History of the History of the History of the West Liao River and the Central Plains"，"Journal of Liaoning Normal University" 2015, No. 2)。

Residents living in this kind of life model，A pro -bond is relatively loose，Limited ethnic combination，Therefore, in the collision of cultural groups that are relatively developed with Central Plains,，Need a common belief to strengthen the bond inside the ethnic group。So，Unified beliefs and creation and creation of the system of communication becomes the need for society，and Jade、Jade daggers and other special jade wares and dragon worship will also be born。

If the dragon worship is a more highly developed religious idea created on the basis of totem worship，So the generation of god jade such as jade and dagger -shaped jade，It also needs to have enough technical layout。The Liaoshe Basin was unearthed from the Liaoning Haicheng Xiaolhan Site in the late Paleolithic Haicheng Haicheng Xiaolhan Site and the early Shinshi era.。

Where，Jade articles unearthed Bet365 lotto review from Little Gunshan include a stone chip made of jade material and 1 jade double -edged pointedware，The former was a stone chip hit from the original stone of the Xiuyan River with a hammering method，It is a by -product produced by stone tools; the latter is a pointed device for further processing on both sides of the long stone chip used by the hammer，Its jade is warm，Green，belongs to flaspite jade。The above -mentioned jade artifact shape and stone instrumental，The method of making is also like a rough method of stone artifacts，At that time, it was not treated with a special understanding or special production skills due to the differences between the material and the ordinary stone (Huang Xunwen、Fu Renyi "Little Gunshan: Comprehensive Research on the History Cave Site of Haicheng, Liaoning"，Science Press 2009 edition)。

The jade unearthed from the Yangjiawa site includes 1 piece of jade ax、1 piece of jade ball and 1 jade ring。Jade Ax、How to make a jade ball、The shape of the device is consistent with the stone similar device。The existence of the jade ring，It may indicate that some jade manufacturing technology that is higher than ordinary stone processing，Such as polishing and polishing technology (Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology、Huludao City Cultural Relics Management Office, "Liaoning Huludao City Yangjiawa Shinshi New Stone Times Excavation Briefing"，"Museum Research" 2005, No. 2)。And the traditional fine stone production tradition in western Liaoning，It has already formed a mature stone manufacturing process，It has also created the superb stone discrimination of the Chahai people、Knowing Yu、Jade ability。Selecting the Sea People、Play、Shake、Performing and grinding stone treatment technology is accurate，It indicates that its stone production has entered a mature stage。Therefore，On the basis of this, a special jade technology produces，From a technical perspective，It's already a good thing to get water。

Relatively loose kinship bonds require common belief to maintain，This makes Xinglongwa Culture represented by the ruins of Chahai bet365 live casino games has two remarkable characteristics: relatively simple and rough material culture and developed spiritual culture，The latter is manifested in the worship of totems and created more developed dragon worship and religious ideas such as Yitong God。The degree of development of social division of labor and religious concepts reflected in jade and dragon worship，and the site of the inner room of the settlement、Correspondence of the social structure reflected in the tomb，All indicate that the Xinglongwa culture at this time has crossed the prosperity period of the development of the original clan commune.，Open the journey of starting to civilization in western Liaoning，Its Dragon Culture、Jade Culture also opened a precedent for the Red Mountain Civilization of thousands of years later。

　　(Author Unit: School of History of Liaoning University)