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Hongshan Culture represented by Niuheliang site has an important position in the history of Chinese civilization。According to the Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology Research, the "Niuhe Liang -Excavation Report of the Red Mountain Cultural Site (1983-2003)" (2012 Edition of Cultural Relics Publishing House)，Niuhe Liang Site is in the center of the Hongshan Cultural Distribution Area。Niuheliang Site and its critical areas are the most densely distributed distribution of Hongshan Cultural Jijishi Mounds.、The most abundant central area unearthed in jade。Niuheliang site is an independent temple built by Hongshan people away from living and living.、Temple Area and Tombs area。

For this，There are many controversy in the academic community。How should the Niuheliang site position in Hongshan Culture? What position does it live in the history of Chinese civilization?，Niuheliang Site is the "San capital" of Hongshan Culture，The origin of the Saint Capital in my country's Metropolitan City System can be traced back to this。

　　​​Saint Du Tattoo

The concept of "Shengdu" is first proposed by Dong Zuobin。Zhang Guangzhi is based on this，I believe that there will be an eternal "Saint Capital"，There are also "vulgar capitals" that are repeatedly migrated。Shengdu is the eternal base of the ancestral temple of the Zongzong Temple，The common capital is mainly Wang’s politics、Economy、Military Leading Center。Pan Mingjuan and others further discussed the San capital system in the pre -Qin period，The setting of Shengdu is politics to the main capital、Economy、Military and other functions powerful supplement; San capital is where the ancestors make a place，Is a sacrifice capital city，Always always keep "the lofty status on the worship instrument"。

I think，There is indeed a San capital system in the third generation period，It has a great impact on future generations。Pan Mingjuan from Qi Zhou is the place where the first king is、Qi Zhou is the two aspects of the important sacrifice bet365 best casino games center in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Researched the status of the Saint Capital in the Capital System of Qi Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty。At the same time，Pan Mingjuan also systematically discussed the Qin State's Santu and Yongyong、Shengdu Quwo and its formation process of Jin Kingdom。Chang Lu in Dong Zuo Bin、Zhang Guangzhi's Shang Dynasty Pilgrimage Capital "Business"，Proposal to the capital of the business dynasty -亳 is another "Saint Capital" of the Shang nationality。

The formation and development of Shengdu is neither linear，The path is not completely consistent。As Santu Qi Zhou during the Western Zhou Dynasty，I agree with Pan Mingjuan's argument。But the Shang Dynasty in the earlier stage，In the middle and late stages of the Shang Dynasty，The capital city of the Shang Dynasty has the significance of Shengdu; and Dong Zuobin、Zhang Guangzhi's Shang Dynasty Pilgrimage Du "Shang"，If there is existence，It may mainly have the role of sacrifice center to worship the ancestor of the ancestors of the businessman。Development to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period，Only then formed a comprehensive Saint Capital。

According to the author's observation，This process of transformation from the existence of vulgarity to Santa in the third generation period，But to trace the origin of Shengdu，From the existing information，It should be the Niheliang site of Hongshan Culture。Niuheliang site is the Holy Land of Hongshan Culture，It is the highest level of sacrifice center at the highest level of Hongshan culture，Its "lofty status on the worship instrument" in the late Hongshan culture，San Duqi Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty has the same status and role。

　　Sacrifice Center

Niuheliang Site is a site point found at about 50 square kilometers in the mountain beam，16 places at the time of excavation survey in 1983，27 places in the census of the 2010 Cultural Relics，A total of 43 places。These sites are generally parallel to the times、Each independent formed。

Niuheliang God Temple site is a goddesses、A large group of building complexs, including the mountain platform and the "temple address" on the side of the Taipei side of the Taipei Taipei。Some scholars have restored the portrait of the Portrait bet365 Play online games of the Goddess of Virgin，A total of 6 female individuals，The largest size in the middle，So the Virgin Temple has the multi -god worship content around the Lord。God Temple and several animal statues，Can be identified includes two types of bears and eagles。The object of the sacrifice is mainly goddess，Animal God should be in a subordinate position。Animal statues in the Goddess of Goddess should be animal totems，The possibility of the protector of the clan and the emblem of the clan is not ruled out。In the temple in the West，Animal God is a common element。

About the nature of the Temple of Niuhe Liang Venus，Although there is still different understanding of academic circles，But it is generally considered，This is the ancestral idol group that sacrifice the female Lord and surrounds the Lord God，The largest goddess statue of the size should be the common ancestor of the period of Hongshan Cultural Niuhe Liang period，is the ancestor。or as Su Bingqi said，The goddess in the Temple of Niuhe Liang's Temple is the ancestor of Hongshan people，It is also the "ancestor" of the Chinese nation。Hiroda Guanglin proposed，The Temple of Niuhe Liang God of Niuhe Liang is the earliest form of Zong Temple。

north of the goddess temple、The temple site on the side of Shan Taipei found 3 buildings，numbers n1j2 respectively、n1j3 and n1j4。Where，N1J3 and N1J4 should be a subsidiary building with a sacrifice function。N1J2 is made up of 3 mountain platforms，Mountain platform is distributed in the shape of "Pin"，Artificially mounted stone walls on the mountains。Where，The northern edge of Beishantai has a large area of ​​braised soil accumulation，A arm with a mudstone portrait、Ear and imitation wood building components residual block。

"Book of Rites · Biography" contains: "Li，No king or not。The king's ancestor is coming out，With its ancestor,。"Sun Xidan's" Ji Jie "quoted Zhao Kuang's words:"，The Emperor's Temple of the Emperor's Pioneer，I still have not exhausted its meaning of chasing the distant respect，Therefore, the emperor of the first ancestor worships the emperor。"" "The discovered situation，Combined with the position of N1J2，I think，N1J2 should bet365 best casino games be another temple address，This temple address should be the temple。The ancestor of the woman who corresponds to the God of God of God，Shangmiao worships the ancestors of the most recent male male in Hongshan Culture，This is corresponding to adult men with the tomb of Niuheliang Center，This is corresponding to adult men with the tomb of Niuheliang Center。

Research indicates，Niuheliang Site 2、third、Fifth、The owner of the tomb owner of the central tomb of the stone mound group in the 16th place is the king identity during his lifetime、Male nearly sacrificed after death。Niuheliang Site has a tomb of men and women in the second place，Should be a couple，Although it is a lonely example，But it marks the emergence of a husband and a wife to make a family and the production of private ownership。This indicates that Hongshan Culture has entered the patrilineal clan society during the Niheliang stage。

The "Temple Terrace" of the Niuhe Liang site is at the highest place of the main beam of the mountain beam，"Granittta" is distributed around the "Temple Terrace"，Also in the beams of the beams of various mountain beams，Formation of sacrifice、The ancestor worshiped in Hongshan Culture -Valentine Temple and Sacrifice、Male ancestor gods dedicated to Hongshan Culture -Centers of Shangmiao，Buried、The ancestor gods who worship the Hongshan culture -Ji Shizu and the altar, the overall layout around the surroundings，All reflect the core connotation of the ancestor worship。

Some scholars think，The Temple Tower combination and the mattan group reflect the relationship between "far ancestors and close relatives"，The difference between the temple and the sacrifices of each sacrifice is the difference between the ancestor and the ancestor。Tian Guanglin thinks，The "Temple", "Temple" and "Altar" of the Niuheliang site is the Chongzu Center with the nature of the primitive king and sacrifice ancestral temple more than 5,000 years ago。Hongshan Culture ancestors consume such a huge resource construction scale such a magnificent etiquette center，It is to use this way of respecting ancestors，Reacons to the unity family、Purpose of stable social order。As the academic circles are generally considered，Niuheliang Bet365 lotto review site is the central site of Hongshan Culture，Is the Holy Land of its ancestor。

■ Niuheliang site panoramic author/Figure Figure

　　Du Yi's status

2014，In the range of 42.5 square kilometers of the Niuheliang site，Except for the original 16 etiquette buildings，Archaeological Survey newly discovered 6 etiquette buildings，Total 22 places，That is, there is a etiquette building in the average of less than 2 square kilometers。other，It is also found in more than 40 collection units to find a tube -shaped device residue，It means that there may be more etiquette buildings or Qishi mound。That seems to，The density of etiquette in the area is extremely high。Find a stagnant stone mound in the northeast of the investigation area，The daily relics of the smaller Hongshan culture are distributed around。In the northwest of the investigation area, it is found that one place is composed of multiple collection units、Larger Hongshan Culture Daily Life Restaurant Zone。No one -stone mound was found in the inter -area area，Only in the northeast around it、Southern and north found two small stagnant stone mounds and tube -shaped pieces。According to this，Investigator speculation，The layout mode of this area is the middle of the living area、The surrounding area around small etiquette buildings。This discovery is of great significance。

Hongshan Culture is widely distributed in western Liaoning Cultural District，The core area is concentrated in Chifeng area of ​​Inner Mongolia and Chaoyang area in Liaoning，Its border across the Siramulan River north，East to the west bank of the Liaoliao River，Southern to the Bohai Sea，Xida Hebei Paper，A area of ​​about 150,000 square kilometers。According to statistics from some scholars，There are nearly a thousand places in Hongshan cultural sites，Among them, the site area that can be regarded as a large settlement can reach 2-3 square kilometers，But the number is small; the number of small sites with an area of ​​less than 50,000 square meters is the largest; the number of large and medium -sized sites with an area of ​​50,000 to 1 million square meters is in the middle，The number of three shows a pyramid -type relationship。

When we were discussing bet365 Play online games the nature of the Niuheliang site，Pay particular attention to its sacredness，So the focus of the discussion is mainly altars、Temple、Trinity such relics。Actually，As a large scale、Supreme -level settlement at the highest level of specifications，No daily management and maintenance are unimaginable。This system survey in 2014 solved this mystery。The northwestern part of the Niuheliang site is a large -scale site，Its layout is the middle of the living area、The surrounding area around small etiquette buildings。In addition，Northeast corner of the Niuheliang site，It is also distributed with a slightly smaller site。This constitutes a relatively complete large settlement。The northwest of the Niuheliang site，It may be the daily discussion of the highest level of Witch Group in Hongshan Culture、Receive pilgrims and places to enter the Holy Land。Northeast corner of the Niuhe Liang site，It should be the daily residence of Hongshan Cultural Cultural Civilian, which serves the Wuxian Group。The supply of life of Niuheliang site may be derived from tribute outside the site。

Niuheliang site has not found defense facilities such as the city walls。But Guo Dushun thinks，This is a divine right first、"There is no sacrifice" era，Niheliang site at the top of this era，Is an unstoppable capital。I think its theory is very。"Zuo Zhuan · Zhuanggong 28 Years" contains: "Fanyi，There is the Lord of Zongmiao Xianjun，No Yueyi。"The large -scale Niuheliang site not only set up temples to worship the ancestor，More temples are densely worshiped ancestor，The origin of the "Lord of Zongmiao Xianjun"，Therefore, it completely has the connotation of the capital。

To sum up，Niuheliang site has the nature of Hongshan culture，Is the central settings at the highest level of Hongshan culture，It is the Holy Land where the ancestor of the ancestors of Hongshan Culture，It has the meaning of the Saint Capital in the Three -generation period。Fruit this，The origin of the Saint Capital in the capital system of our country can be traced back to the Niuheliang site of Hongshan Culture。Su Bingqi once proposed，Hongshan Culture is the most important straight root system in the general root system of Chinese culture。Guo Dushun further proposed，Hongshan Culture centered on the large bet365 Play online games -scale altar temples of Niuheliang is a symbol of the 5,000 -year civilization of China，It is also an empirical evidence of the "straight root system" of ancient Chinese culture。Therefore, in a sense,，Niuheliang site is not only the Saint Capital of Hongshan Culture，It also has a sacred status in the history of the development of Chinese civilization。

　(This article is the special team project of the National Social Science Fund's unprecedented study research team project "Liaoshang Summer Week During the Stone Tomb and Bronze Diversity Interactive Research (21VJXT009) in the vision of bronze)

(Author Unit: School of History, Culture and Tourism, Liaoning Normal University)