BC 2 Thousands of AD is the key stage in the early development process of the diversified pattern of Chinese civilization，It is also the most severe historical period of raw and technological changes in East Asia since the origin of agriculture。Emphasizing the interaction of productivity and production relations is an important point of Marxism，From a perspective of this perspective, review human society，Changes in the economic reform、Promotation of technical level，Not only can it survive for humans、Social development provides richer basic resources，It will also have a significant impact on cultural evolution and social changes。Therefore，The magnificent social change and life of the Chinese civilization of the 2,000 years BC、The relationship between technology，Especially during the communication process of East and Western culture in the Bronze Age，The change of the economic change after the localization of foreign technology，Effects on the birth of the country's kingship country and the early development process，It is worth thinking about deep thinking。

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It is usually considered，BC 2 Thousands is the end of the new period of the new period of warmth，Although the climate conditions have fluctuated，but still mainly warm and humid，This is the environmental background of the sustainable development of the agricultural economy in the Central Plains region。About 4000 years ago，Northern China, including the Central Plains region, has gone through a climate mutation period with cold climate and frequent flood disasters。This is also this period，West and near -East -domestic -domesticed wheat crops、Scrozen and sheep，Together with technologies and knowledge with metallurgical，Under the background of frequent interaction of East and Western culture in the Bronze Age，wide spread in the Yellow River Bet365 app download Basin。Yuan Jing、Zhao Zhijun and other scholars think，In order to adapt to changing climate conditions，People on the basis of the traditional Su Zuo agriculture in the north，Quickly promote the planting of wheat crops、The breeding of the ox and sheep，This forms a multi -variety agricultural planting method and a complex agricultural economic system raised by multiple livestock。At this time, the agricultural economy at this time has developed compared to before，But from the perspective of archeological data，The progress of the way of livelihood does not alleviate the contradiction between settlements，Conflict between the settlement groups of the Central Plains area intensified，Regional cultural center multiple displacement。

Early Chronicle BC，The Erlitou Culture of the Luoyang Basin is unified in the Central Plains hinterland in the Luoyang Basin，Establishing the capital at Erlitou。Erlitou culture is highly consistent with the duration and distribution range of the Xia Dynasty，Its emergence broke the social pattern of Wanbanglin，Promote the Chinese civilization to the National Period of the Wide -area Rights。Erli、Nanzhai、Research results of sites such as Nanwa indicate，Erlitou's cultural period inherited and developed the trend of complex agricultural economy in Longshan。Although the living method itself does not seem to have a qualitative leap，But from the proportion and breeding method of the remains of the oxee，The ancestors of the Erlou obviously increased the importance of the oxen breeding，The reason behind it is quite thoughtful。If this phenomenon is combined with the background of the kingdom of Erli, consider，Maybe it can help us find the answer。Erlitou and related sites have been excavated after more than 60 years，The palace building revealed、Sacrifice pit、Tomb shape、Green Pine、Green Pine、Daixian and other relics，Demonstrate the glory of the Kingdom of Erlitou、Developed control network and high political civilization。

Chen Xingcan、Liu Li、Deng bet365 live casino games Cong and others proposed，Due to the limitation of resources，Metal minerals required for handicraft production of the two miles、turquoise、Jade material、White pottery and other raw materials have complex circulation networks。What needs to be emphasized is，Compared to these valuables，Wangdu residents' daily life resources，The volume is larger，Types are more complicated。where，At least some of the biological resources also need to be deployed from the region controlled and influenced by the Kingdom of Erlitou。In fact，Carbon、Nitrogen、hydrogen、Oxygen、锶 Hemplage studies have been revealed，There is a higher proportion of foreign pigs in the two miles sites、Cow and sheep。From this，How to achieve handicraft raw materials and living resources in circulation in a large range，Question that becomes a two -liter elite class。Where lives in the river，Boat。Outside the river，Except manpower，The breeding and animal power development of the ox，Then it can help the supplies gather from the small village to the settlement center。It is worth noting that，Data published by the excavation report of Erli，The proportion of oxen under the age of 2 is 44%，Quite a lot of oxen was slaughtered after adulthood，Some lesions that might cause labor on the limbs of the ox bulls。At the same time，Archaeologists found the rut of a double -wheel car in Erli。These phenomena indicate，Erlitou's ancestors attaches great importance to the cattle raising industry，It is very likely to be invasive with the ox、For transportation related。

　　The change in the living industry of Erlitang and Yinxu

In the middle of 2,000 BC，Erlitang Culture created by businessmen replaced Erlitou Culture，and build a country in Zhengzhou。The Shang Dynasty has lasted more than 500 years，Moved the capital several times，Anyang Yinxu represents the last glory of commercial civilization。The businessman is based on the culture of Erlitou，Completed the integration of regional culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Bet365 lotto review Yellow River and the reorganization of social structures，Its cultural influence is still south of the Yangtze River。As far as the business economy is concerned，Merchants continue to regard the agriculture as the main agricultural production method。In terms of cultural appearance，As Xu Lianggao proposed，Although Errigan Culture and the pottery style of Erlitou culture present the small traditions of the two cultural traditions，But bronze、Jade、Zongmiao architecture projected the former inheritance of the former's cultural tradition of the latter。Commercial civilization has also developed a more complex bureaucracy、More powerful military strength，and the more cohesive value concept。

In terms of resource circulation and information transfer，Merchants face the same problem during the Erlitou cultural period。Live in Erlitang, Zhengzhou、The management of the king capital of Anyang Yinxu、Handicrafts and ordinary residents' daily life resources，Maintain the religious resources and military resources required for rule，Not supported by Duyi itself。Especially a lot of food、Home Animal、Tools、Mineral resources, etc.，Be sure to need Wang Yu、Feng Guo and friendly Fang Guo Ren Tu Zuo tribute。Compared with the cultural period of Erlitou，Evidence of the development of animal power from Erlitang to Yinxu period is more sufficient，This also means that the traffic technology at that time had a large degree of development。At this time，People still attach great importance to the breeding of the ox。

The most sufficient Yinxu site of the archeological data of animal archeology unearthed the remains of the oxee of dozens of trucks，Observe obvious on the toe bones of some oxen、Diseases related to long -term service。A two -neck copper bell was unearthed in a sacrifice pit in Shangwang Mausoleum、The ox that may be used for driving the car。Late Business period，Horse and the carriage suddenly appeared in Yinxu，This undoubtedly improved the technical ability of the information dissemination and material circulation bet365 live casino games of the Shang Dynasty。There are more carriages at this time，Except the chariot，There are also field cars、Driver and truck。The latter is obviously a very important transportation tool。The development of transportation instruments makes wealth within the vast area of ​​the vast area to Erlitan、Yinxu and other commercial civilization settlement centers is more convenient。

　　Promotion of technology and its localization

From the perspective of productive forces and production relations，The continuous prosperous agricultural economy in the Central Plains region is the development process of Chinese civilization from diversified to one -fry，Especially the key stage of the birth and early development，Provides a solid foundation and technology preparation。In this process，Mai crop、Cow、domestication species such as sheep and horses，Bronze、Foreign productive elements represented by technology and knowledge of carriage，It has played an irreplaceable role。But what needs to be emphasized is，These foreign species、Technical and knowledge after a period of precipitation and localization，Only played a greater role in the social development of the Central Plains region。

Li Xinwei has proposed when explaining the formation of Chinese civilization，"The interaction inside the interaction circle of China is the basis for the formation of Chinese civilization，Because of this，Chinese civilization has become the only glorious civilization flower in this so -called 'Bronze Age World System "。We deeply agree with this。The localization process of foreign productivity elements is the process of "impact" and "fusion" with the local technology system，It is also cultural tradition with the Central Plains region、Thoughts and concepts complement each other、The process of chemical changes occur。For example，Longshan Late Ox was introduced as agricultural by -products to raise oxen，It continuously enhances the dependence of oxen to the agriculture of the cows。

The localization process of bronze technology is more representative。Just like Zhang Guangzhi、Su Hono and other scholars Bet365 app download believe that the same thing，Erlitou ancestors combine copper smelting technology with the cultural system，Zhao Jian's basic architecture of Chinese bronze wares with rituals and weapons as its main product。These bronze wares were immediately used by the business royal family for sacrifice and war，To build and consolidate social order、Condensing people's heart，Essence of re -distribution of wealth。From the breeding management and development of animal power from the ox and the family horses、The development of the bronze industry and the establishment of the local technology system，Except function and technology itself，Cultural tradition formed by long -term interaction of China Interaction Circle，The rapid increase in social productivity after localization of foreign productivity elements，It also has important significance。

The development of transportation has expanded the regional scope of the State State Statement，strengthened the internal political and economic connection of the country，It also provides convenience for cultural communication and mutual learning。Dimension far away，In addition to manpower，The breeding of the ox and horses during the summer business period、Weight、Run the car can also help the managers of the kingdom effectively manage and control the living industry、Minerals and other important resources and their products and their products and related wealth redesides，also makes information exchange between settlements、Material circulation and crowd migration are more unobstructed。The improvement of productivity not only means that people can create more wealth，It will also stimulate the adjustment of the production relationship of wealth distribution，This causes revolutionary changes in the social structure。

As far as the summer business period of 2,000 BC，Cow、The breeding of the horse and the development of the related transportation，It can help the royal power to achieve wealth (including people and items) quickly circulating within a large area，Promote Bet365 lotto review cultural integration in larger areas and ethnic integration。From this we think，Prosperity of the economic industry economy、The development of transportation technology and handicraft technology has supported the birth and rapid development of the wide area king's country during the Xiashang period，Based on the complexity of agricultural economy、Bull and Horse and Animal Power Development、The improvement of the productivity of bronze technology，helped the realization of the political ambitions of "Xiehe Wanbang"。

　　(This article is the national key R & D technology "in the process of the origin of Chinese civilization、Resource and Technical Research "(2020yfc1521606) phased results)

(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)