"Chinese Craftsman Technology, which affects global civilization" in June this year was published by World Book Publishing Company Fu Zi，This is the top ten representative craftsmanship technology in the history of Chinese craftsmen (fan、Mozi、compass、Drimming furnace、Plowing plow、Wheel、horse、Fire Through Insaver、Tobacco、lacquer ware) as description object，Telling them global communication in the context of their unique times、The vivid history of communication and mutual learning，Show the reader the influence of Chinese craftsmanship on world civilization。

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Chinese craftsman civilization is an important part of Chinese civilization，It is the unique spiritual logo of the Chinese nation。In the long historical process，Chinese craftsmen with meticulous attitudes、The spirit of self -improvement and the spirit of precision exquisite，Through the development of the civilization of other artisans in the world，Created a dazzling Chinese craftsman civilization。

Research Research on Contemporary Chinese Civilization Source Projects，City、Class、Angels and the country are a new solution for the study of the origin of Chinese civilization，It abandons traditional metallurgical、Text and Civilized Research Plan for the City。To some extent，The establishment of the Chinese civilization plan is due to the enlightenment of craftsman's civilization。Early society in China，The development of the production of craftsman technology，Especially with mills、Drimming furnace、The early craftsmanship technology represented by farming and wheel technology provides a reliable foundation for agricultural development，The ancient agricultural population has grown rapidly。The development of wheel technology，Migration of the population or the migration across time and space、Gathering becomes possible，Cityyi or city appears。A large number of cities that appear in the Central Plains are provided with a broad space for the development of craftsmanship industry，The craftsmanship independent of agriculture begins to appear。That is，With the development of the city and its handicraft industry，As a social division of labor、Digained class appears。The emergence of class society marks the ancient Chinese society towards a civilized period。It is worth noting that，The identity of class society is related to the artisan culture。For example, use jade as a gift、The civilization symbol displayed by the ruling class that is luxurious and gold is expensive is linked to the artisan civilization。To achieve effective class rule or social management，State machines that need to be established centered on the king's power，So the appearance of the kingship and the country of the Chinese civilized society becomes an inevitable。In the king's and national system，Craftsmen and other classes have constructed the early structural system of Chinese civilization，and gradually form the development form and spiritual characteristics of Chinese craftsmanship civilization，Provides high -quality resources for the global communication of Chinese craftsman civilization。

　　The development form of the Chinese craftsman's civilization

As far as the development of the Chinese craftsman's civilization is concerned，Bet365 app download Follow the development trajectory of the Chinese artisan system，Chinese craftsman civilization has gone through about witch history civilization、Sikong civilization、Sikong civilization、Shaofu civilization、The "Five Civilization Forms" of the Ministry of Industry Civilization。

In front of history，Witch history，The early Chinese craftsmen wrote a witch history civilization with devout religious thoughts，Witch and Shi realized the simple thought expression of primitive craftsmen in the creation of the awe nature and the gods，Simple concept of using a maker still provides design principles for the production of early human utensils，Create prehistoric pottery in the collision of soil and fire，Created the prehistoric stone mill、Jade、Lacquer Water and other craftsmanship systems with advanced cultural logos。Original craftsmanship with simple lines outlines the dreamy and tender lines and symbols that belong to human childhood，The image reproduces the original craftsman for nature、Poetic expression of objects and universe。

During the summer and business period，Chinese craftsman's civilization enters a new stage。King of Summer King implemented the "Raiders" affairs officer system，That is the "Correcting System"。Early Witch History equivalent system has separated the witch and history，Witch transforms into a transaction officer，History becomes a government official。Among them, the affairs officer is divided into ministers、Yu people、庖 庖、Che Zheng、Mu Zhenghe people; government officials have drums、羲、History、Division、Co -workers、Shi、Sima、Chongzong、Situ and Houyi。Correcting system provides a strong institutional guarantee for the development of the craftsmanship of the craftsmanship of the Xia Dynasty，Especially for the workers、The labor of the craftsman、Thought provides "Lecture to Lecture、Zhongmin's original、Dedication of Dedication "Source。For example，The Xia Dynasty's Che Zhengzhong is working、The spiritual guidance of the people and dedication，Practitionable invented the world's first wooden wheel carriage。The correction system of the Xia Dynasty affected the Shang Dynasty，This period is in bronze wares、Drimming furnace、Wheel、Smoving and other technologies have appeared for the first glory of early Chinese craftsmanship civilization。

The Zhou Dynasty implemented the "Six Official System"，The so -called "six officials"，That is Tianguan、Earth Officer、Spring Officer、Xia Guan、Autumn officials and winter officials。"Tianguan、Earth Officer "is established based on natural space，"Spring Officer、Xia Guan、Autumn Guan、Winter Officer "is established based on the time of the universe。So，The "six official system" in ancient China, that is, "time and space system"，Mainly based on nature、Establishment of the time and space rhythm of the universe。In the six official system，"Winter Officer" is "Sikong"。At the time level，Sikong belongs to "winter"; at the space level，Sikong belongs to the category of "empty"。So，The conceptual meaning of "Sikong" contains the dual meaning of "winter collection" and "closed"，and directly refer to the "metaphorical venue" of the concept，means to express the country's social attitude and political position to the workers in the expression of the country，Warning the status of the worker in the state management、Working time Rhythm and Bet365 lotto review occupational character。In other words， "Division" is the meaning of management，Expressing a meaning of undertaking and duties of the country; so -called "empty"，That is the meaning of "closed" and "empty"，Expressing the hidden meaning of the crew and purpose of the workers must "hide the rich and the people"。Obviously，The Sikong system provides a guarantee for the development of the artisan civilization of the Zhou Dynasty，So that the second glory of ancient Chinese craftsmen civilization appeared。Almost all the craftsmen industries and production types appeared during this period，And the first Chinese craftsmanship technical knowledge system, "Examination Gongji"。

The implementation of the "Three Gong Nine Qing" system in the Han Dynasty，Among them, one of the Jiuqing of the official craftsman industry -Shaofu is the most prominent official department，Although Feng Chang in Jiuqing、Taizi、Zong Zheng and others also in charge of some craftsmen affairs，But Shaofu has served as the production affairs of all artisans in the country。The Han government changed "Sikong" to "Shaofu"，Management of national materials deployment、The production of the utensils, the production of the items, and the mountains and the field。From the conceptual level，The so -called "less"，Or "empty"; the so -called "government"，That is the government or official office。So，"Shaofu" is the air officer or the air agency，This reflects the political regulations and power constraints of the ruling class for officials。So，The concept of "Shaofu" not only has a strong central centralized nature or the semantic connotation of government power，It is also reflected in the state's political position on the workers and attitudes towards the people -the government is less or empty，There will be more or rich people，This reflects the good desire and people's position of national political management。There is no doubt，The concept of "Shaofu" in the Han Dynasty not only followed the naming method of the concept of "Sikong" in the Western Zhou Dynasty，It also follows the national management position and attitude of the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty。

Sui Dynasty to Qing Dynasty，Chinese artisan civilization enters the "Ministry of Industry"。To the Emperor Sui Wen，The industrial system is replaced by the "three public and nine Qing" system in the Han Dynasty.，"Shaofu" is replaced by the "Ministry of Industry"。So far，The workers' system of the feudal society in China is all the Ministry of Industry。The so -called "Ministry" is the same as "House"，All in the space or location。but，From the order、Qing、Zong、丞、Supervisor and other names，More emphasis on a management power identity。Another，Names under the Ministry of Industry System pay special attention to the identity of the worker、level and sequence。That is，The workers' names of the Ministry of Industry are mostly named after the second or level，It has obvious hierarchical meaning，This reflects the gradual strengthening and systematic development of the centralized political system，or show that the workers naming the development of the direction of socialization。The working system from the Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, although it has changed in each dynasty，But basically reflects the facts of the development of craftsmanship under the centralized system: the political philosophy characteristics of the ancient Chinese bet365 Play online games worker system system are obvious，It advocates the idea of ​​the people，There are also strong political ethics features，Emphasize the power location of the monarch and minister，Left、Middle、Right position order to express the rights size and identity of the workers。Especially with the development of the central government and the development of the bureaucratic system，The Chinese workers system after the Sui and Tang dynasties did not fully follow the thought of the people hidden in the previous workers，Instead of the development of a new political power space，and formed a huge Ministry of Industry and Industrial Bulletin。

During the formation of the five civilization forms，Chinese craftsman's civilization has gradually formed a lecturer、Chong Si Kong、Shang Shaofu、Keep integrity、Zhongmin's original、Seeking the beauty、Push humanities、Tibetan science and other spiritual traits。or，Gongzheng、Sikong、Shaofu、Integrity、Minben、Zhimei、Humanities、Science is the most noble spiritual quality of Chinese craftsmen。

　Chinese craftsman civilization profoundly affects world civilization

Under global history，The spiritual traits of Chinese craftsmanship civilization cannot be ignored in global dissemination and its influence，The role of Chinese craftsmanship civilization on world civilization cannot be forgotten。

Chinese fan technology aesthetics has a civilized construction function，Although Chinese fan is only a special case in the development of European civilization，But it has a typical civilization mutual learning meaning。In other words，The technical aesthetics of Chinese fans encounter the externalization of European civilization，Show unique aesthetic vitality and strong growth force。The root of the aesthetics of Chinese fan lies in the material and artistic attributes of the fan，Its formalized material materials give Chinese fan luxury and noble features，Its luxurious aesthetic artistic attribute，Grow its material materials to political aesthetics、Economic Aesthetics and Social Aesthetic Sessions，Then the Chinese fan material into a fan of society、Fan of Trade and Fan of Civilization，Chinese fan becomes institutional、Products and thoughts。The cultural gene of Chinese fan is the concentration of Chinese civilization gene，Chinese technology infiltrated on the fan、Painting、Calligraphy、Literature、Opera、Novel、Architecture、Martial Arts and other cultural state -like，Excellent gene with Chinese civilization。Global Communication of Chinese Fan Civilization，Dialogue between Chinese civilization and global civilization。

Stone mill technology makes the production structure in many places around the world、Diet structure、improvement and development of nutritional structure and level of civilization，Especially stone mill technology has become a single technical civilization to a composite technology civilization transformation、Collect civilization transition to processed civilization、Important Media for the Transformation of Valley Civilization to Fan Food Civilization，Show its global value and function。Mozi as the economy、Emotional、Technology of Civilization，Drawing its unique economic model、The value and function of emotional bonds and civilization ecology。Mozi technology not only shows unique cultural construction forces，It can also stimulate and maintain the humanistic emotion of local residents。Mozi technology or stone mill technical civilization is not limited by space，bet365 live casino games Chinese stone mill and its technical civilization have been passed to many countries around the world。The liquidity of stone mill technology civilization shows that any civilization is not isolated or static，Human civilization is flowing、Mutual Learning，Shows the identity and value of the Chinese civilization in the global civilization system。

The vector time on the compass uses the vector on the pointer to eliminate the global distance space，Established possibility for Europeans to explore geographical space and global space imagination，Accelerated the speed of global expansion and communication，It also accelerated the speed of Europeans' division of global resources，Especially for the Portuguese、Dutch、Overseas adventure of British and French people、Colonial expansion and the division and reorganization of global resources provides navigation technical support。That is，The global spread of Chinese compass technology has brought huge and profound social changes to the world，It has spawned the space intellectual of Europeans，Treating global resource division and reorganization，Accelerated the development of many natural sciences in Europe，Forms a new view of geography or global view of Europeans，shows the identity and function of Chinese technology civilization in the development of global civilization。

Chinese ancient wind turmoil technology has a grid over the global distribution、Structural situation of spatial differences and cross -interconnection。The Chinese wind call technology before the Song and Yuan Dynasties was in the world's leading position，After the 16th century, the winding technology gradually spread from Asia to Africa、Europe and America。Drimming technology provides technical support for global agricultural reform and industrial revolution，Promoting agricultural production、Innovation in the fields of military industry and construction industry，Especially the wind turmoil technology eliminates the obstacles of the high cost and low quality of iron smelting before，Gathering many production materials and production resources together，Effectively solved the problem of low metallurgy production efficiency，It provides basic conditions for the accumulation of wealth in Europe and the global colonial expansion。European Drimming Furnace Technology as a paradigm for global technological innovation，Treating other technological progress and development，and attract the philosophical criticism of European countries' philosophy of wind furnace technology。

Flowing plow technology not only changed people's farming behavior，It also changed human social behavior，Including settlement behavior、Agricultural behavior and industrial behavior, etc.，and then formed a settlement civilization outside the cultivation、Agricultural civilization and industrial civilization points to point to。For example, in the two river basin、Yangtze River Yellow River Basin、Ganges Basin and other areas，Ancient farming technology provides sufficient food for farmland，People can live here steadily。Kenli technology has not only completed the change from non -fixed migration life to fixed agricultural life，greater change is a series of social changes。The development of farming plow technology directly touch the development of metallurgical handicraft industry，The production of a large number of supporting and affiliated components Bet365 lotto review supported by the technology -plow technology。The development of the metallurgical industry directly trigger the high -speed development of iron smelting technology and cast steel technology，and then provide an important material basis for the European Industrial Revolution。The cultural nature of the technology has already surpassed its own direct function，or educational features that point to profound meaning。As far as iron plow technology，It may point to such as technical symbols、Cultural and educational functions at the level of technical religion and technical and etiquette。

Wheel as a medium，Its technology is the extension of the human body，To make up for physical defects，Give full play to human energy to nature; as a symbol of time and space，Wheel technology is a change of time length，Extension of the amount of space，Then create more time civilization; about moral meaning，Wheel technology has a profound impact on ethical philosophy and technical philosophy and moral thoughts; as a force for life relationship，Wheel technology enhances interpersonal communication、Economic exchanges and political exchanges，Change human society in daily life、Agricultural production、Industrial production、Military struggle and urban agglomeration and many other aspects of existence forms and structures。As a technical particle existence，The pottery wheels of the Sumerian eventually triggered their invention of the wheels，Then a plate -type communication and improvement in the West Asian region，Gradually expand and extend around，Treating the development and innovation of European wheel technology。Similarly，The movement of China's wheel on the world area section has also affected other countries in East Asia，Southeast Asia、technological innovation in South Asia and Europe。

The introduction and use of horsepower technology is the product of the Chinese nomadic tribe civilization。Early brave nomadic nomadic television in the Han Dynasty introduced the timid manifestation of men's cowardly performances，The rough grassland tribal people cannot accept them。But until the Wei and Jin dynasties，Due to the needs of war，Chinese herdsmen can change the habit of not using horse。The direct consequence of the introduction of the horse's technology is that the chariot is replaced by the cavalry，Change the war of war and the status of war，Especially the flexibility of the war、scale、greatly increased lethality，It also shortened the time of war、Change the pattern of war，Then affect the victory and defeat of the war，and directly affect the development direction of global civilization。The Persians get Masao Technology from the Turks，soon introduced to the Arab world，But the Matthel technology has not been well spread and applied in the Arab country，But in Europe, it has played a revolutionary military and political power。The significance of the horse technology for Europe is in many ways，It is mainly manifested in institutional civilization、Economic Civilization、Military civilization and other fields，Especially playing an important role in the birth and development of feudal civilization in Europe，Far far affects European military、Agriculture、Knight class and institutional change。

Chinese ancient firearms technology to the development of global civilization is diversified，Especially in the change of the war (military) pattern、Sample state of political civilization、The development of the religious civilization bet365 live casino games system and the development of modern science have a profound impact。Invention of gunpowder firearms，Change the global war pattern，Treating global military changes。For global politics，gunpowder and firearms have obvious revolutionary significance。gunpowder firearms created global war，Destroy the European religious system，spawned diversified violence politics; gunpowder or firearms compressed the time and cost of the war; clearing the road for modern scientific development; gunpowder for the global military、Architecture、Road、Bridge and defensive work bring revolutionary changes。In short，Global significance of gunpowder or firearms is just as "using it in military in the military" (Engels)，Double value with technical and technical reverse。No one is brutal due to gunpowder firearms in the war，Give up using it or derogate its global significance。

To sum up，It can be seen that these forgotten "small technology"，Contains the "Great Civilization" that is unknown by outsiders，provides technical particles and cultural genes for the development of global civilization。In the new period，Broaden the study of Chinese craftsmen civilization，Can further answer the basic picture of the development of Chinese civilization、Inner mechanism，and major issues such as the evolution path of civilization in various regions in the world。Inherit and promote Chinese traditional excellent craftsman culture，Can provide strong theoretical support for the practice of the new form of Chinese civilization。Strengthen the research and interpretation of the technical material of Chinese craftsmen unearthed around the world，is a powerful way to deepen and promote the research of Chinese civilization，It is conducive to improving the global influence and appeal of Chinese civilization。Based on Chinese technology，Can tell the story of the Chinese craftsman's civilization，Show the world credible、Dear China image，and let the world know what kind of civilization and country is China and what kind of country，It can also show the long history and humanistic heritage of Chinese civilization，Let the world understand China、Reading Chinese craftsmen、Read the Chinese nation。

(Author Unit: School of Fine Arts of Tsinghua University; School of Fine Arts of Jiangsu Normal University)