In the recent research on the origin of regional civilization in Chinese archaeological circles，prefixed by "why"、Expressions followed by region names are frequently seen。This "Why ××" pattern was first seen in Chen Xingcan's book review "Why bet365 bonus code pa" ("Dushu" Issue 5, 2005)，The central topic of this article is: Why did the earliest Xia and Shang dynasties in history arise in bet365 bonus code pa，referred to as "Why bet365 bonus code pa"。After，Xu Hong placed the prefix "Why" in front of "China"，Aims to explore the birth of the earliest "China" (Xu Hong's "Why China"，Sanlian Bookstore 2014 edition)，The origin of Erlitou, the earliest “China”。

Since "bet365 bonus code pa China"，“bet365 bonus code pa” has been “copied and pasted” by many archaeological researchers in front of their respective areas of concern。The connotation of these titles，In simple terms，It is the source of regional civilization，Reconstructing the historical process of regionality。For example，“bet365 bonus code pa Liangzhu”, “bet365 bonus code pa Fujian”, “bet365 bonus code pa Southern Shanxi”, “bet365 bonus code pa Guangzhou”, etc.，Even spilled over into relevant public areas，Even an ordinary Italian-themed exhibition is labeled "bet365 bonus code pa"。

　　　　，In several neighbor disciplines of archeology，There is also a very popular saying in recent years - "use ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa"。What is most impressive recently is undoubtedly Xiang Biao’s “taking oneself as a bet365 bonus code pa” (Xiang Biao、Wu Qi "Using Oneself as a bet365 bonus code pa—Conversation with Xiang Biao"，Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House 2020 Edition)。Xiang Biao thinks，Problematizing personal experience is an important bet365 bonus code pa，Problematize your own experience，It is a concrete beginning to understand the world。In the formula "use ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa"，Xiang Biao’s “taking oneself as a bet365 bonus code pa” is relatively an “exception”。As Wang Mingming said，“××” is generally the area targeted by history and social science research，As large as Asia or China，Regions as small as domestic，Recently it has even shrunk to “self” (Wang Mingming’s “Why “Homeland” Becomes a bet365 bonus code pa？》，"Open Era" Issue 1, 2021)。One time，It seems that “everything can be a bet365 bonus code pa”。

"The discourse expression of "as bet365 bonus code pa" originated from the Japanese China studies scholar Yoshi Takeuchi，He gave a lecture titled "Asia as bet365 bonus code pa"，Roughly propose "as a bet365 bonus code pa，That is, the process of formation as a subject” (Taken Takeuchi)、"Asia as bet365 bonus code pa" translated by Xiong Wenli，"Human Thoughts" Issue 4)。And "China as bet365 bonus code pa" by Yuzo Mizoguchi，I hope to change the past world (that is, Europe and the United States) as a bet365 bonus code pa、Research paradigm with China as the purpose (object of analysis)，Instead of "taking China as the bet365 bonus code pa...taking the world as the purpose"。

Researchers use regions as methods，Aims to draw ideological resources from these large or small areas、Historical experience，And problematize it、Turn the special into the universal。Wang Mingming has recently further transformed "region" into "homeland"。He said: "Whether bet365 bonus code pa Asia、China，Still Lingnan，Or myself，They are all local and specific，Except ‘self’，They are all roughly equal to ‘homes’ of different sizes。”

Let these be as small as the countryside，So big that the "home" of the world becomes a bet365 bonus code pa，The premise is that we must first understand what this kind of "home" looks like？What kind of life journey have you experienced？What kind of historical cause and effect created such a "homeland"？This is transferred to the question "Why ××"。"Why ××" and "taking ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa" can be said to be "concepts do not arise alone，There is always a neighbor”，Same high frequency use，The same is related to regional studies，So you can read it over。

■Bronze Jue of Erlitou Nipple Nails bet365 bonus code pa Erlitou Xiadu Ruins Museum Collection Picture Source: CFP

　Starting bet365 bonus code pa a specific area

Since the 1980s，Regional research is becoming a trend。Based on different definitions of areas，Produced regional studies of varying sizes。There are a large number of regional studies with their own disciplinary styles in different subject areas。No matter which field bet365 bonus code pa，First of all, areas are divided according to certain standards，For example, according to administrative divisions、Mountain direction、River Basin、Market Network、Divided by humanistic style (Song Yuanqiang's "New Progress in Research on Regional Social and Economic History"，"Historical Research" Issue 3, 1988)。A region can be as vast as a large geographic unit，Contains multiple national political systems，For example, around the Mediterranean、Southeast Asia；It can also be as small as one country，Even a city and a village。

Regional studies all start from a specific region。Each specific area object being studied occupies a certain amount of space，Gradually develop in historical time、Accumulation，Thus forming a certain regional historical tradition。For example，Braudel when explaining the "economic world"，Believe that the economic world occupies a certain area，With certain limits。In the field of economic history，Skinner's regional system theory divides the ancient Chinese urban system into eight regions，Has a great influence on regional studies and urban history research in bet365 bonus code pa。

The field of archeology can better reflect the study of zoning。Su Bingqi proposed the "district" of China's prehistoric cultural areas in 1981.、Department、Type” concept，A comprehensive summary of China’s Neolithic culture and part of its bronze culture，Proposed "taking the north and south of Yanshan Mountain、North with the Great Wall as the center of gravity；The East with Shandong as the center；With Guanzhong (Shaanxi)、Southern Shanxi、bet365 bonus code pa centered on western Henan；The southeast centered around Taihu Lake；The southwest centered around Dongting Lake and the Sichuan Basin；The six major regional divisions of the "South" with the Poyang Lake-Pearl River Delta line as the central axis (Su Bingqi、Yin Weizhang "On the Issues of Floristic Types of Archaeological Culture"，"Cultural Relics" Issue 5, 1981)。

■Jade Cong with deities and animal faces from the Liangzhu Culture collected bet365 bonus code pa Shanghai Museum. Picture source: CFP

　Turn the special bet365 bonus code pa ordinary

Each area is specific、Special，Contains a lot of "local knowledge"。The research on “Why ××” is exactly revealing these local knowledge。This type of research is usually long term。Take Liangzhu Culture as an example，The archaeological community’s research on her，It’s not just Liangzhu itself，Instead, it advocates starting from the Majiabang Culture 7,000 years ago，Pay special attention to the transition from Songze culture to Liangzhu culture。This is especially true in bet365 bonus code pa region，Discussing "Why bet365 bonus code pa"，Need to go back to the Neolithic Age，Asking how the trend centered on bet365 bonus code pa was formed。

Then，How can “local knowledge” be a bet365 bonus code pa？It is bound to "turn the special into the universal"，Find the bridge between local details and the general macro，To be able to transcend local knowledge。For example，They are all central areas (or transition zones)，Research on the social process model of central area A (or transition zone) and the social process model of central area B (or transition zone)，Is there any methodological reference value。if any，Then "use ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa" can be established。

Liangzhu culture can particularly illustrate this point，The archaeological community thinks，Liangzhu culture proves the Chinese civilization of more than 5,000 years。Definition of “civilization” according to the three elements of civilization，There is no metallurgy in Liangzhu Culture，There is a lot of controversy as to whether the carved symbols found are considered words。However，The Chinese Civilization Discovery Project combines the civilized social standards proposed by the archaeological discoveries in Liangzhu Ancient City and other areas: First, production development、Population increase、City appears；The second is social division of labor、Class differentiation、Class appears；The third is the emergence of royal power and country。In this sense，Liangzhu is a specific case，But the discoveries and local knowledge about Liangzhu have the potential to be "universalized" into several standards，So Liangzhu can be used as a bet365 bonus code pa，Promote with the question "Why Liangzhu"。

　　Relativity of methods

Mizoguchi Yuzo’s “China as bet365 bonus code pa” is to explore the formation process of China as a subject，Acquire objective knowledge。Here，China is one yuan in the "world"。Mizoguchi Yuzo intends to deconstruct the inertial thinking of "equating the world with Europe (the West)" through "a pluralistic world"。Who can become the bet365 bonus code pa，It is relative rather than absolute。If viewed from China’s internal academic research，In the world of archeology，According to the conceptual formula of "taking ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa"，Can be used as a bet365 bonus code pa in the long run，The Central Plains region counts as one。

Until the 1980s，The mainstream view is still that the Central Plains region is the center of the origin of Chinese civilization。Within China，Zhongyuan is regarded as a bet365 bonus code pa，The whole of China is comparable to "Tianxia" (the world)，is the purpose，The so-called "Chasing the Central Plains"，Want to rule the world”。For this reason，Chen Xingcan first proposed "Why the Central Plains"。What is the connotation of "taking the Central Plains as a bet365 bonus code pa"？Li Boqian once said: "Build this place、Archaeology of this period，We need to consider how to connect with the Central Plains，How to communicate cultures，How to integrate to form Chinese civilization。”

Indeed，No region is completely independent and isolated，They are always related to surrounding areas，Especially in bet365 bonus code pa, there are dense or loose occurrences、Active or passive contact。For surrounding areas，bet365 bonus code pa region is a frame of reference。The culture of bet365 bonus code pa region once expanded to the surrounding areas，At the same time, we also draw the factors we lack from the local culture，Promote each other in the process of power expansion，Local culture is gradually being integrated，In regional interaction，The influence from bet365 bonus code pa is dominant。With the spread of advanced culture in bet365 bonus code pa，Tribes in other regions began to adopt the etiquette system of bet365 bonus code pa Dynasty as a means of social integration，To regulate the hierarchical order of society and maintain the normal operation of society。This can be said that the surrounding areas use the standards of bet365 bonus code pa as the standard。

Following Su Bingqi’s “Starry Sky” discussion，The theory of "Central Plains Center" is gradually declining。Su's "area、Department、Type” doctrine begins as bet365 bonus code pa，Guide the practice of the origin of civilization in multiple regions。"Ancient culture summarized from local areas、Ancient City、The ancient country” model is also used as a bet365 bonus code pa，Be applied to the study of social processes in several regions。It is also in the context of multiple origins，A series of "Why ××" have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain。The positive thing about this pattern is the pluralistic thinking it inherits，To understand the world that China represents，That is, if the purpose is China，Cannot just use the Central Plains as a bet365 bonus code pa，We should use "diversity" as the bet365 bonus code pa，Using "decomposition" as a means，Reconstruct and understand a higher-level picture of China。

　Facts proved，As more and more new archaeological discoveries are recognized，New regional modes and methods are emerging，Ru Liangzhu、Red Mountain、Shimao and other ruins，All present a unique cultural outlook and full cultural subjectivity，Has the potential to become a new model different from the Central Plains、New bet365 bonus code pa。Li Boqian once visited Hongshan、Liangzhu、Observation of jade articles buried in Yangshao Tomb，Proposed that there were two models of the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization (Li Boqian's "Two Models of the Evolution of Ancient Chinese Civilization—Hongshan、Liangzhu、Random Thoughts on Observations on Jade Buried in Yangshao Tomb》，"Cultural Relics" Issue 3, 2009)。

　　Applicable scope of the bet365 bonus code pa

It can be seen from this，Ask a few more "why ××"，That is, it is very necessary to use pluralism instead of single bet365 bonus code pa as a bet365 bonus code pa。Of course，"Why XX" and "use XX as a bet365 bonus code pa" are also debatable。In view of the current proliferation of these two expressions，There are two questions worth thinking about。

First，If all areas or characters could be titled "Why"，At most it shows that "homes" of varying sizes have the right to be studied。But it is actually affected by various factors，The differences and sequences between regions or characters exist objectively。“Why bet365 bonus code pa” wants to explore why the earliest Xia and Shang dynasties in history came into being in bet365 bonus code pa？Obviously，Not all "Why ××" have such meaning。Accordingly，Not all areas can be used as methods。

Second，What is the scope of application of the bet365 bonus code pa？Be aware of the limitations of “×× as a bet365 bonus code pa”。For example, "ancient country、Fang Guo、Whether the "Empire" mode can be seen in all regions。Wu Chunming mentioned it when discussing the origin and social development of the country in central Fujian，After the "starry sky" theory of the origin of civilization was proposed，A massive inter-regional competition to “compete” for the upper reaches of civilization has begun，Pushing research on cultural diversity and civilizational pluralism to extremes，Manfanbiandi also demanded to find a superior position in the "starry sky" of early Chinese civilization and a "spark of civilization" that synchronized with the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties (Wu Chunming's "Southeast without Empire - The Origin and Development of Countries in Central Fujian" Preliminary research on development》，Episode 2 of "Oriental Archeology" compiled by the Oriental Archeology Research Center of Shandong University，Science Press 2006 edition)。

Back to the beginning，Yoshi Takeuchi in his lecture on "Asia as bet365 bonus code pa"，Roughly propose "as a bet365 bonus code pa，That is, the process of forming a subject”。This subject refers to the political subject、Cultural subjects and regional subjects。Exploring the process of subject formation，It is precisely the process of "why ××"。“Why ××” and “taking ×× as a bet365 bonus code pa” are quite meaningful as an “ideal type” research perspective。They reflect people、Object、Objects of different scales such as regions are given the right to study。According to historical data，It reflects the expansion of historical materials and research objects。Can various subjects be used as methods，It is related to the subject’s “subjectivity” and “uniqueness” and other universal connotations and potentials，That is, do they have the potential to "turn the specific into the universal"。When researchers are interested in using new areas as methods，This actually shows that there are resources in this region that can be drawn on to generate new public issues and research areas，Some type of shift in focus is realized accordingly。

　　(This article is part of a major project of the National Social Science Fund "bet365 bonus code pa the Complexity of Society and the Process of Centralization in the Lower Yangtze River" (20&ZD247) phased results)

(Author’s Affiliation: Department of Literature and Art, Nanjing Normal University)