Recently，The Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology organized a re-exploration of the early Shang capital site—Zhengzhou Mall、Rediscovered，Received a well-planned cemetery from the Early Shang Dynasty (Shang Dynasty Cemetery on Shuyuan Street)，There are many high-level tombs among them，rare before。What is particularly striking is，Several bet365 new user promo objects unearthed from the cemetery，Includes a bet365 new user promo overlay，First discovered by early Shang culture。The rich and precious archaeological materials in the Shang Dynasty cemetery on Shuyuan Street are helpful for our understanding of early Shang culture，Understand the awareness of bet365 new user promo culture in the Central Plains。

　　Nature bet365 new user promo cemetery

bet365 new user promo Cemetery on Shuyuan Street is located in the area between East Street South and Shuyuan Street in the southeastern part of the inner city of Zhengzhou Mall，The existing area is about 10,000 square meters。There are trenches around the cemetery，The excavators believe it is the "Tera Domain"。There are tombs and sacrificial pits of different sizes distributed among the trenches，Together they form an orderly structure、A ceremonial space with clear functions。

In addition to the size and layout of the cemetery，The combination and quantity of grave goods in tombs，Funeral and funeral ceremonies tell the extraordinary significance of the Shang Dynasty cemetery on Shuyuan Street。Bronze vessels unearthed in the cemetery、Jade and bet365 new user promo items, etc.，The discoveries in Tomb No. 2 (M2) are the richest。M2 is huge，Tomb length 2.93 meters，There are reddish-brown remains suspected to be cinnabar inside the tomb，More than 200 funerary objects unearthed，Among them bronze ritual vessels、20 weapons，11 pieces of jade，5 bet365 new user promo items，Additional shell coins、Turquoise tube beads、Turquoise inlaid plaques, etc.，The owner of the tomb should be a high-ranking nobleman from the early Shang Dynasty。From the type to quantity of funerary objects，To its displayed status，This tomb has set the highest record among Zhengzhou shopping malls so far。In addition，Six instances of dog sacrifice were found at the bottom of the tomb，This is very rare in early Shang culture，Find a source for the funeral custom of sacrificing dogs in waist pits in the late Shang Dynasty，Has great academic significance。The discovery of bet365 new user promo artifacts in M2 is the most important，Types include golden bubbles、bet365 new user promo foil、bet365 new user promo overlay and turquoise plate with bet365 new user promo foil as the ground。The large number of bet365 new user promo products found in the Shang Dynasty cemetery on Shuyuan Street, Zhengzhou Shangcheng、The variety is unprecedented。The bet365 new user promo-covered surface was discovered for the first time in the early Shang Dynasty，Length 18.3cm，Width 14.5cm，Weighs about 40 grams，The four sides are slightly curved inward，Affixed to the west wall of M2，Located on the head side of the tomb owner，The size can basically cover an adult’s face。

bet365 new user promo cemetery on Shuyuan Street is from the early Shang period，specifically Baijiazhuang period，That is, the second phase of the upper level of Erligang Culture。This period，The distribution range of cultural relics in the city site has been significantly reduced，Relics、The number of relics has also been significantly reduced，There are also signs that the ash ditch broke the foundation of the palace in the previous period。All these phenomena indicate，After entering the Baijiazhuang period，Zhengzhou Mall has lost its former prosperity，Its function as a city seems to have been almost lost。Meanwhile，The Xiaoshuangqiao ruins, about 12 kilometers north of Zhengzhou Mall, suddenly emerged，Miyagi、Palace (or ancestral temple) architecture、Sacrifice pits, etc. are all ready，Should be another urban settlement in the early Shang period。The reason，Zhengzhou Mall and Xiaoshuangqiao ruins can be said to have been destroyed and renovated。The academic community generally believes that，In Baijiazhuang Period，bet365 new user promo has moved its capital to the Xiaoshuangqiao site，Xiaoshuangqiao became the political center at that time。

Although it is no longer a commercial capital，Zhengzhou Mall was not completely abandoned，But it still plays its unique function。In Baijiazhuang Period，There is still a certain population living in the city，Outside Nanguan、Two important copper casting workshops in Bauhinia Mountain are still in use，It can be seen that Zhengzhou Mall is still an important economic center of bet365 new user promo。Moreover，Zhengzhou Mall was the capital built by Tang, the founding emperor of bet365 new user promo，has special significance for businessmen，Consecrated as a holy place。Current archaeological data indicate，The sacrificial activities of later Shang kings in Zhengzhou Shangcheng were not interrupted because of the relocation of the capital。For example, three Baijiazhuang period bronze storage pits discovered in Zhengzhou Shangcheng，A large number of heavy bronze vessels were unearthed，This should be after the Shang king and nobles held a large-scale sacrificial event here，The result of burying the bronze ritual vessels used in sacrifices together。

Therefore，From the scale and layout of the cemetery、Judging from the level of the tombs and the large number of high-level funerary objects，The people buried in bet365 new user promo Cemetery on Shuyuan Street must not be ordinary craftsmen、Civilian，It should be the middle and high-level nobles staying in Zhengzhou Mall。

　The discovery and function of bet365 new user promo vessels

bet365 new user promo as a precious metal，It has been cherished by people a long time ago。But in traditional Chinese culture，bet365 new user promo seems to be far less heavy than jade，One of the manifestations is that the use of jade has a deeper origin than that of bet365 new user promo。The bet365 new user promo ornaments unearthed from the Shang Dynasty cemetery on Shuyuan Street are very eye-catching，Help us understand the golden culture of the Shang Dynasty、The golden culture of ancient China provides new materials。

Currently，The Shang Dynasty bet365 new user promo vessels discovered by archeology are widely distributed、Significant quantity，There are two main centers in the Central Plains region - Zhengzhou area and Anyang area。Discoveries in the Zhengzhou area include bet365 new user promo foil unearthed from the tombs in the sacrificial area in the northeast corner of Zhengzhou Mall and the sacrificial pits at the Xiaoshuangqiao site，As well as the aforementioned bet365 new user promo vessels from the Shang Dynasty cemetery on Shuyuan Street。The discoveries in Anyang area are represented by the Yin Ruins site，According to incomplete statistics，There are 24 tombs with bet365 new user promo artifacts in Yin Ruins，Most bet365 new user promo products are bet365 new user promo foil、Jinpao etc.。In addition，Liu Li Ge, Hui County, Henan、bet365 new user promo products have also been unearthed from sites such as Taixi in Gaocheng, Hebei and Panlongcheng in Huangpi, Hubei，bet365 new user promo foil is the most common。The discovery location of Shang Dynasty bet365 new user promo vessels in the Central Plains、Different functions due to different physical characteristics，It can be mainly summarized into the following two types。

One is covering。The bet365 new user promo covering found at M2 of Shuyuan Street is located on the side of the head of the tomb owner，Initially should be covered on the face of the tomb owner。From the perspective of archaeological discoveries，Wood covering is a very ancient funeral custom in China，As early as the Majiabang Culture and Dawenkou Culture of the Neolithic Age, there was a phenomenon of covering the face of the deceased with a red pottery bowl。List the materials of coverings in ancient China，The variety is also very rich，You Tao、bet365 new user promo、Jade、Stone、Bronze、Leather, etc.。As for its function，Mr. Song Zhaolin once said，People die and become ghosts，Feared by strangers、Fear，Besides keeping a respectful distance，The deceased’s face must also be covered，To reduce the fear of the living。

The other is decoration。Most of the Shang Dynasty bet365 new user promo objects discovered in the Central Plains are in single form，And smaller in shape，Like bet365 new user promo foil、Jinpao、bet365 new user promo pieces, etc.，But they should have been originally attached to bronze、Lacquered wood、On the material of jade and other utensils，Decoration、The role of beautification。Among them，The turquoise dragon-shaped vessel inlaid with bet365 new user promo pieces unearthed from M17 of Panlong City in Huangpi is very exciting。The main body of Kuilong is composed of turquoise，ERMEI、head、The teeth are replaced by bet365 new user promo pieces，Outstanding visual effects。This method of decorating special parts with bet365 new user promo sheets，In addition to general decorative functions，Also has the finishing touch、Increase the effect of divine power。A similar example is the bronze tiger with bet365 new user promo foil eyes unearthed from Fuhao’s tomb in Yinxu。

What needs to be explained is，For Bronze、In terms of lacquered woodware, jadeware, etc.，The meaning of the bet365 new user promo products attached to them needs to be understood in the specific context of use。Because these utensils themselves are used as sacrifices、Banquet、Exists as a ceremonial utensil in funerals and other activities，Playing the role of "high and low"、The role of "distinguish equal columns"，Therefore, the bet365 new user promo jewelry that depends on each other should also assume or strengthen this function。

　　Witness the exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations

There are not many countries in the world where archaeological discoveries have made bet365 new user promo masks，Archaeologists discovered a golden mask covering the face of the deceased in an ancient Greek royal tomb from the Mycenaean era，It was believed that the owner of the tomb was Agamemnon，Hence the name Agamemnon’s Golden Mask。Further research later suggested，The owner of the tomb is an ancient Greek prince and nobleman earlier than Agamemnon。1920s，Archaeologists discovered “Tutankhamun’s golden mask” in Egypt，It is the golden mask from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun，The forehead is decorated with the eagle god and the cobra god，The entire bet365 new user promo mask is also inlaid with various gemstones and colored glass。The Greek bet365 new user promo mask is 3,500 years old，The bet365 new user promo mask slightly earlier than Zhengzhou Mall。

Currently，No bet365 new user promo products earlier than the Shang Dynasty have been found in the Central Plains，The bet365 new user promo products found before the Shang Dynasty in China are mainly distributed in the northwest and north of the Great Wall。The earliest known scientific test is a bet365 new user promo and silver alloy earring unearthed from Xiaohe Cemetery in Xinjiang，In addition, there are also golden nose drinks and bet365 new user promo earrings unearthed from the tombs at the Huoshaogou site of the Siba Culture in Gansu、bet365 new user promo ornaments and bet365 new user promo earrings discovered at the Mogou site of the Qijia Culture，The location is further west，The older the site is。Therefore，The custom of using bet365 new user promo in ancient China probably started in the northwest region，It must be influenced by the Eurasian steppe culture，Then it spread all the way to the southeast。

The custom of using bet365 new user promo was introduced to the Central Plains in the early Shang Dynasty at the latest，And absorbed by the Shang Dynasty、Renovation。Nose drinking discovered in the Northwest Territories、Earring comparison，The production technology of bet365 new user promo products in the early Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains was more complicated，Represented by the Kuilong pattern bet365 new user promo foil found in Zhengzhou Mall，The forging process is very advanced。In addition，Businessmen’s exploration of the value of bet365 new user promo has localized characteristics。Shang is a society that attaches great importance to hierarchical order，Bronze ritual vessels are important symbols。After bet365 new user promo was introduced to the Central Plains，Its dazzling color quickly became popular，Accepted by the upper class of Shang Dynasty，And was quickly incorporated into the etiquette culture of the Shang Dynasty。

In short，In and Central Asia、In the process of exchanges between Western Asia and other civilizations，The use of bet365 new user promo spread from the northwest and northern grassland areas to the Yellow River、Yangtze River Basin，Then it was absorbed and rebuilt by Chinese civilization，Endowed with the characteristics of "nobleness and courtesy"，This formed a unique golden culture。There is evidence，In the process of Chinese civilization radiating to surrounding areas，Golden culture has spread to the southwest again、Lingnan and other regions，And integrate into the local indigenous culture。Therefore，Golden culture is a vivid reflection of the continuous integration of Chinese civilization with the achievements of other civilizations，It is an important witness to the exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations and the formation of a pluralistic and integrated pattern of Chinese civilization，It accompanies the evolution of Chinese civilization，And profoundly affects the development of Chinese civilization。The Central Plains is located at the center of convergence in all directions，It is a melting pot for multicultural exchange and integration，This is clearly reflected in the early Shang civilization。With Zhengzhou Mall、On the one hand, the early Shang civilization with the Xiaoshuangqiao site as its core absorbed nutrients from surrounding cultures，On the other hand, it is also constantly radiating outward、Impact，Broadcasting its own culture。The formation of a golden culture with the characteristics of Chinese civilization，It was the early Shang civilization that was inclusive、The best example of everything。Zhengzhou is the core distribution area of ​​early Shang civilization，Zhengzhou Mall、Xiaoshuangqiao and other large urban ruins，Bronze and bet365 new user promo smelting technology，Zhengzhou Mall Oracle，As well as the discovery of Zhu calligraphy and writing at the Xiaoshuangqiao site，All indicate that society at that time had entered a highly developed stage，occupies an important position in the history of Chinese civilization and world civilization。

　(The author is a professor bet365 new user promo School of History, Capital Normal University)