Recent，Zhengzhou Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute organized re -exploration of Zhengzhou Mall、Repel，Hi won a clear planned early business period (Cemetery of the Academy Street Business Cemetery)，Among them, there are many high -level tombs，For rare before。Especially noticeable is，Several gold wares unearthed in the cemetery，Including a golden cover，The first discovery of the early business culture。The rich and precious archaeological materials of the college street business cemetery are conducive to us to know the early business culture，Knowing the cognition of golden culture in the Central Plains region。

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The tomb of the Shangyuan Street is located in the south of the East Street in the southeast of the city of Zhengzhou Mall，Existing area of ​​about 10,000 square meters。There are trenches around the cemetery，Discovers believe that it is "Zhaoyu"。Tombs with different specifications and sacrifice pits in the trenches，Together with a structure, an orderly structure、Functional etiquette space。

Except the scale and layout of the cemetery，The combination and quantity of the burial items in the tomb，Funeral ceremonies and funeral formulas, all of which tell the unusual meaning of the cemetery of the college streets。Bronze wares unearthed in the cemetery、Jade and gold wares, etc.，In particular, the discovery of the Tomb No. 2 (M2) is the most abundant。M2 is huge scale，2.93 meters long，There is a phenomenon of reddish -brown relics suspected of cinnabar in the tomb，More than 200 funerals unearthed，Among them, bronze ritual、20 pieces of weapons，11 pieces of jade，5 pieces of gold ware，Another shell coin、Green Pine Tube Pearl、Played or decoration inlaid，The owner of the tomb should be the high -level nobles in the early stage bet365 Play online games of the Shang Dynasty。From the type of burial items to quantity，Then to the status it showed，The tomb has all the most in Zhengzhou Mall that has so far。other，6 martyrs phenomenon was found at the bottom of the tomb，This is very rare in the early business culture，The funeral custom for the late Shangyou pit dog found a source，It has major academic significance。and the discovery of gold in M2 is the most important，There are gold bubbles in the species、Gold foil、Gold cover and gold foil as the ground decoration inlaid with turquoise。This time, the number of gold products found in the cemetery of the Shanghai Mall Academy of Zhengzhou Mall College、The richness of the type is unprecedented。Gold covered face is the first time in the early business period，length 18.3 cm，14.5 cm wide，Weighing about 40 grams，Slightly bent inward，Put it on the west wall of M2，Located on the head of the owner of the tomb，The size can basically cover the face of an adult。

The age of the Grand Cemetery of the Academy Street is the early business period，Specific for Baijiazhuang，That is, the second phase of the second level of the two mileigang culture。This period，The distribution of cultural relics in the city site is significantly reduced，Relics、The number of relics is also significantly reduced，There are signs of the ash site of the palace in the previous period。All these phenomena indicate，After entering the Baijiazhuang period，Zhengzhou Mall is no longer prosperous，It seems to be almost lost as a capital。At the same time，The small double bridge site about 12 kilometers from the north of Zhengzhou Mall suddenly rise suddenly，Gongcheng、Palace (or Zongmiao) building、Sacrifice pit and other prepared，It should be another early business period.。From Zhi，Zhengzhou Mall and Xiaoshuangqiao site can be described as abolished and one prosperous。The academic community is generally considered，During Baijiazhuang，The Shang Dynasty has moved to the site of the small Shuangqiao site，Xiao Shuangqiao became the political center at that time。

Although it is no longer Bet365 lotto review used as a business capital，Zhengzhou Mall has not been completely abandoned，Instead, it still plays unique features。During Baijiazhuang，There is still a certain population residence in the city，Nanguanwai、The two important copper casting workshops in the Bauhinia Mountain are still using，It can be seen that Zhengzhou Mall is still an important economic center for the Shang Dynasty。More，Zhengzhou Mall is a capital built by the founding emperor Tang of the Shang Dynasty，It has a special significance for merchants，Dedicated as the Holy Land。The current archaeological data indicates，The sacrifice activities of the offspring of the descendants at the Zhengzhou Mall are not suspended due to the migration of the capital。Three Baijiazhuang Bronze Cellar Pits found in Zhengzhou Mall，A large number of bronze heavy wares were unearthed in it，This should be after the King of Shang and nobles held large -scale sacrifice activities here，The results of the bronze rituals used in the sacrifice are concentrated。

Therefore，The scale and layout of the cemetery、The grade of the tomb and a large number of high -level funerals，Academy Street Business Cemetery Buried must not be ordinary craftsmen、Civilian，Instead, it should be a medium -to -high -grade noble who stayed in Zhengzhou Mall。

　Discovery and function of gold ware

Gold as a precious metal，A long time ago, people have been cherished。But in traditional Chinese culture，The weight of the gold ware is far from the weight of the jade，One of the performances is that the use of jade wares has a deeper source than the gold ware。The gold jewelry unearthed from the cemetery of the academy street is very noticeable，To understand the golden culture of the business generation、The golden culture of ancient China provides new materials。

Current，The distribution of Shangdi gold wares discovered in archeological discovery is wide、Quantity，There are two main centers in the Central Plains -Zhengzhou area and Anyang area。Discovery in Zhengzhou area includes gold foil unearthed from the grave of the sacrifice area of ​​the northeast corner of the Zhengzhou Mall bet365 Play online games and the small Shuangqiao site sacrifice，and the golden device of the busy graveyard of the school street。The discovery of the Anyang area is represented by the Yinxu site，According to incomplete statistics，Tomb of Yinxu's Gold Products with Golden Products reached 24，Gold products are mostly gold foil、Gold Bubble, etc.。In addition，Liul Pavilion, Huixian, Henan、Gold products such as Taishi West and Huangpong Panlong City, Hubei, Hebei also unearthed gold products，Most common with gold foil。The Shang Dynasty gold ware in the Central Plains area was found to be found、Different features and different functions，It can be summarized as the following two types。

One is covered。The golden face discovered by the M2 of the Academy Street is located on the head of the owner of the tomb，It should be built on the face of the owner of the tomb。Look at it from archeology，Covering in China is a very ancient funeral custom，The phenomenon of red pottery bowl covered with the face of the deceased in the Malaysia culture and Dawenkou culture in the Neolithic era。and the material that counts the ancient Chinese coverage，The types are also very rich，There are pottery、Gold、Jade、Stone、Bronze、leather, etc.。As for its function，Mr. Song Zhaolin once said，People die as ghost，Fear by living people、Fear，Except for respect，Also covered the deceased's face，to reduce the fear of the students。

Another is decoration。Most of the Shang Dynasty gold wares currently found in the Central Plains are presented in the form of a single form，Small shape，such as gold foil、Gold Bubble、Gold film, etc.，But they should have been attached to bronze at first、Where、Jade and other utensils，Decoration、Beautifying role。Where，The green pine dragon shaped device unearthed from M17, Huangpi Panlong City M17 is very exciting。The main body of the dragon is composed of turquoise，Eyebrow、Item、The teeth are replaced by gold tablets，Visual effects outstanding。This method of decorating special parts with gold pieces，In addition to the general decorative effect，It also has the Bet365 app download finishing touch、Increases the effect of God。Similar examples include the bronze tiger with gold foil unearthed from the tomb of Yinxu Women。

What needs to be explained is，For Bronze、Lacquer woodware and jade artifacts，The significance of the gold products attached to them must be put in a specific situation of use to understand。Since these utensils are all sacrifice、Banquet、Funeral and other activities exist in etiquette，Play "precious and cheap、Differential column "，Therefore, the gold jewelry that depends on each other should also bear or strengthen this function。

　　Witness the communication of west civilization

There are not many countries that use gold as a mask in the world in the world，Archaeologists found a golden mask covering the face of the deceased in an ancient Greek royal tomb in the Mindini era，At that time, I thought the owner of the tomb was Agamennon，Therefore, it is named Agamennon Gold Mask。Later further research believes，The owner of the tomb is a prince and nobleman of the ancient Greek Greek。1920s，Archaeologists discovered the "Tutankhamun Gold Mask" in Egypt，is the golden mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun Tomb，The front forehead is decorated with Kobaya God and Cobra Snake，The entire golden mask is also inlaid on all kinds of gems and color glass。Among them, Greek's golden mask is 3500 years old，Gold mask at Zhengzhou Mall slightly earlier。

Current，The gold products that have not been found in the Central Plains have not been found in the Central Plains region，The previous gold products discovered in China were mainly distributed in the northwest and north of the Great Wall。It is known that the earliest scientific inspection of the scientific test of the scientific test of the age of Xinjiang Xiahe Cemetery was a gold, silver alloy earrings，In addition, there are golden nose drinks and gold earrings unearthed in the tombs of the Siba Cultural Fire Gulf site of Gansu、Gold jewelry and gold earrings found，The more the position is west，The earlier the ruins。Therefore，The custom of using gold in ancient China is likely to start from Northwest China，It is affected by the Eurasian grassland culture，and then spread all the way bet365 Play online games to the southeast region。

The custom of using gold until it was introduced to the Central Plains in the early early business period，and absorbed by the Shang Dynasty、Reconstruction。Nasal drinks found with the Northwest region、Earrings comparison，Gold products during the early business period of the Central Plains region are more complicated in production technology，Represents the dragon pattern gold foil found in Zhengzhou Mall，Its forging process is very advanced。other，The discovery of gold value of businessmen has localization characteristics。Business is a society that attaches great importance to level order，Bronze Rites is an important symbol。Gold after being introduced into the Central Plains region，Its dazzling color is quickly favored by people，Accept the upper -levels of the Shang Dynasty，And was quickly included in the etiquette culture of the Shang Dynasty。

In short，in it with China、West Asia and other civilized communication process，The use of gold spreads from the northwest and northern grasslands to the Yellow River、The Yangtze River Basin，and then absorbed and rebuilt by Chinese civilization，Given the characteristics of "honor and gift"，This has formed a unique golden culture。Evidence indicates，In the process of radiation in the surrounding area of ​​Huaxia civilization，Golden culture has been broadcast to southwest again、Lingnan and other areas，and integrate into the local indigenous culture。Therefore，Golden culture is a vivid reflection of Chinese civilization that constantly integrates other civilization results，It is an important testimony for the formation of east -western civilization exchange and the diversified pattern of Chinese civilization，It is accompanied by the evolution of Chinese civilization，and profoundly affect the development of Chinese civilization。Central Plains is located in the center of Sifang spoke，It is a melting furnace for multicultural exchange and integration，and profoundly affect the development of Chinese civilization。Zhengzhou Mall、Small Shuangqiao bet365 best casino games Site is the core of the early business civilization.，On the other hand, it is constantly radiating outward、Impact，Broadcast itself。The formation of gold culture with the characteristics of Chinese civilization，It is the early business civilization compatibility and accumulation、The best example of all -encompassing。Zhengzhou is the core distribution area of ​​early business civilization，Zhengzhou Mall、Small Shuangqiao and other large capital ruins，Bronze and gold such as smelting technology，Zhengzhou Mall Oracle，and Xia Shuangqiao Site Zhu Shu text and discovered，All indicate that the society at that time has entered a highly developed stage，Has an important position in the history of Chinese civilization and the history of world civilization。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University)