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Modern Western society is an era of pursuit of rationality，and through the development of science and technology to achieve this rationality，so that rationality is equivalent to technology rationality，Science has also become the only way to achieve rationality。Public policies in modern western society are also on the road of science and technology，By the mid -20th century, the scientific pursuit of public policy reached its peak。The scientific process of public policy allows public policy to construct based on rational knowledge，This policy problem that can efficiently deal with low -degree complexity or conventional characteristics，and show the superiority of the rational rational。But in the historical stage of high complexity and high uncertainty in society，It is obviously unable to solve policy problems only by relying on technical rationality。This requires both the integration of both technical rationality and the integration of experience and knowledge，Then construct a public policy。

　　Public policy on the technical rational path

In modern western society，Public policy solves complex policy problems through scientific paths。By the 1960s，The rise of the American policy science movement，Policy analysis representing the empirical logic and methods dominated the policy science movement，also brought policy science into the direction of pursuing technical rationality and tool rationality。Since then，The policy process has further developed science and technology，The use of advanced technology and methods，Analysis of bet365 best casino games the system、Operational learning、Statistics、Topology and other advanced methods are applied to the policy process。From this，The policy process is made into a production process for technical tool applications。

Policy process of modern western society，Pursuing abstraction under the leadership of technical rationality、Simple、specification、Unified，Work hard to simplify the complex phenomenon，Make it conducive to people's cognition and understanding。No matter what policy problems，All are decomposed into small units，and specify some objective value for each unit，Then use appropriate combination to re -arrange them。This，The policy process is completely incorporated into the scientific paradigm，Policy solutions produced through digital processing and formula derivation，The policy process is therefore scientific and reasonable。

Policy processes under the rational leadership of Western technology will be efficient as the main goal，and give up democratic pursuit under this concept。Although policy issues contain a lot of political nature、Socialist、Factors of value and context，But under the leadership of the technical rational discourse，Public interest、Fair、Justice and freedom have been put aside。Western technical experts because of the professional knowledge that represents rational cognition，Become an important subject in the policy process，The policy system is closed。The policy process is separated from the state and society、Separation of the central and local parts、Separation of elites from the public、The structure of the separation of experts from the public is completed。

　　Reflection technical rationality

Bet365 lotto review 　　西方技术理性囿于既定的分析思维和方法路径，Develop thinking and exploration within the scientific framework。Policy processes under the leadership of technical rationality have fixed routines and paths，Standardization of rational decision -making constructing、Standardized policy process，Pursuing programmatic and logical processes。But when facing highly complex policy problems，However, it seems that it is institutionalized and insufficient flexibility，The entire policy process is too rigid。High heterogeneous and changing policy issues require flexible policy procedures and methods，These are exactly what technical rationality cannot be。

Technical rationality is a one -sided rationalism，Pay attention to knowledge and information that can be technical and formulating，But the problem of high complexity is often not compressed into a pure technical problem。The policy process is not a process of discovering and describing objective facts，Empirical methods cannot solve the problem or even not applicable。On the contrary，Because policy issues include a large amount of non -technical factors，In the process of policy, inevitably affected by individual value preferences and subjective judgments。At this time, not only the technical knowledge is required in the policy process，also includes experience，The latter refers to imagination、Common Sense、Subjective judgment、Intuition、Memories, etc. cannot be rationalized，When facing highly complex policy problems，Experience and knowledge has the flexibility and scientificity that it does not have in rational knowledge。

In fact，Many policy failures in the West are not because of lack of rational knowledge，On the contrary，It is due to the lack of experience bet365 best casino games and knowledge。Scientific knowledge is not applicable to policy formulation，But the knowledge of scientific appearance does not necessarily solve all problems in public space。Because the answers to these questions are not looking for the only answer，It is impossible to find the only answer，Only the public and experts with experience experience to connect the experience and rational knowledge with the public and public dialogue。Western rational admirers have always been committed to discovering the universal category and rational rules，Once found, the people are required to obey，Even if this discovery is not consistent with the truth。Put the limited nature of human rationality，People often express deep concerns about group blindness，This has prompted the expectations and dependence of professionals，It has also further split rational and experience。The knowledge of decision makers is based on the concept of life experience that gives them substantial content。But for high complexity policy problems，Experts are often ignorant as the public，Facing a new policy problem，Experts have the same blueprint planning。

　　Complement and fusion between rational and experience

When facing high complexity and high -speed policy problems，A single technical rationality can no longer solve the problem。At this time, you also need to introduce experience，Need common sense、Imagination、Judgment, etc. to assist in formulating public policies。Pay attention to experience is not rejection of rationality，Instead, it is necessary to place rational knowledge in the understanding of experience，Realize the complementary and fusion between the reason and experience in the policy process。

First，Establish a more open and inclusive policy Bet365 lotto review system。The policy process led by experts is completed in a closed system，The emphasis on experience and knowledge requires an open and inclusive policy system。In this system，Not only technical experts are playing a role，The public also has the right to speak;，The public's perceptual cognition and common sense of life are also respected。Through the Internet platform，The boundary between the policy system and the environment becomes blurred，The environment is no longer outside the system.，Instead, it is directly recognized and grasped as the component of the system。Specifically，Policy system is no longer based on bureaucratic organizations，Instead of turning to the cooperative organization。

Second，Policy procedures for realizing the co -construction of multiple subjects。The resources required in the policy process include knowledge technology，Also includes material support，Including both tangible materials backup，also includes invisible authority and legitimacy。Technical experts and political elites cannot provide all resources，Often needs to obtain the required information and resources through the cooperation and sharing of multiple subjects。It is difficult for the government to have a comprehensive information and knowledge on policy issues，Policy issues exist in the public’s life，Existing in the field of far away from the government，At this time, more public participation is needed to supply experience，Bring it into the policy formulation process。The government is no longer a high -level governance subject，and began to change the role of the service provider，Diversified subjects to carry out cooperation operations，Integrate resources bet365 live casino games through cooperation，The complete knowledge required for the production process in the cooperation。

third，Public policy through dialogue and negotiation。The policy formulation process is not a pure technical process，Therefore, it is not observed and produced by technical experts in a closed laboratory。On the contrary，It is in an open field，Construction of the policy plan in the dialogue and negotiation between the experts and the public。The existence of the objection is objective，It is also a necessary component of policy knowledge，Dialogue and negotiation between diverse subjects need to properly handle the objection。Dialogue in the policy process must be sincere、Understanding、Fitting situation，Open to the objection。Professional terms are not necessarily better than daily perceptual cognitive language，Abstract theory is not better than scattered specific expressions。At this time，Multiple subjects are committed to action cooperation，Including experts when thinking or theoretical thinking and related expression，All advocate the use of common sense languages，To seek communication and interaction with the public。

fourth，Establishing trust cooperation in the process of policy formulation。When the government is the subject of a single social governance during the policy process，Government often uses administrative means，Policy construction from top to bottom，The entire policy process is a linear process，Policy construction from top to bottom。Facing highly complex policy problems，Any control is invalid，At this time, the government needs to cooperate with social、Experts need to cooperate with the public。Based on this，Including tools and languages ​​in the policy process, both bet365 best casino games changes，Diversified encouragement，and cooperate with this。Cooperation becomes the final goal，Trust each other between multiple subjects，Carrying out cooperation based on trust，Promote the occurrence of trust in cooperation。

　　(Author Unit: School of Public Management, Nanjing Agricultural University)