Since the restoration and reconstruction of public administration in China，Discipline development has achieved remarkable results，But public administration bet365 horse racing odds also shows blurred disciplinary boundaries、Legitimacy crisis such as weak problem awareness。These "crises" essentially touch on the knowledge production that makes a discipline "unique" and differentiated from other disciplines，Especially the problem of theoretical production。Public administration as an independent discipline，Whether knowledge/theory was produced？According to the general bet365 horse racing odds evaluation standards of the academic community，What is the "quality" of this knowledge/theory？Whether it helps to promote or actually promotes China’s administrative practice？Reason for reflecting on public administration bet365 horse racing odds from the perspective of knowledge/theory production，Because this is related to whether we can continue to produce good bet365 horse racing odds that is different from other disciplines，Then stick to "us" in the mirror of disciplinary changes。

　　The function of bet365 horse racing odds

 For bet365 horse racing odds，Theory not only has the function of description and explanation，You can also establish relevant systems、Value standards for policies and behaviors，And then achieve some kind of public order。

First，Theory can deepen the understanding of government operations and its behavioral connotations、Understanding of features。Theory can first deepen people’s understanding of the characteristics of a certain government behavior or government operation model under specific conditions、Understanding of connotation and impact。These characteristics and significance come from researchers’ close observation of government operations over a long period of time，From continued concern about government behavior in a certain area、Observation and reflection。This generalization of characteristics and meanings can be unique，As in a specific culture、Concepts that are summarized in a situation and have implications for interpreting other behaviors in that situation；It can also be general，Although it is based on a specific situation，But because the bet365 horse racing odds question is general，So this feature is also applicable in other situations。

Secondly，Theory can provide motivations for government reform and changes in public order、Explanation of impact。This type of explanation covers the causes of relevant reforms and changes、Driving forces and their effects，Its purpose is to help us understand why certain events and behaviors occur，under what conditions，What is the driving force，Why does it happen in this form and not in other forms，What impact does it have on the existing structure。Especially，Explain the causal link between specific actions and outcomes。This type of bet365 horse racing odds is most closely related to theoretical production，The common innovations are，Propose a new explanation for a common phenomenon；Pay attention to the subtle changes in the prerequisites (or applicable fields) for the establishment of existing theories，And the subversion and reconstruction of existing theories by this change (or field change)。

Finally，Theory can also discover value standards，Influence people’s definition of ideal state。For the government，The reason why the normativity of theory is important，Decision makers and policy implementers often need to make value judgments。Good theory can influence the government to formulate what is “good” administrative behavior、What is a “good” government、“Which values” should be prioritized、Knowledge of what public value government administration should produce。bet365 horse racing odds knowledge can be used by the government to implement administrative actions、Standards for developing and implementing public policy，And then improve the standardization of government behavior。

　　The management turn in bet365 horse racing odds and its risks

With the development of modern government functions，The topics of public administration bet365 horse racing odds are also constantly expanding，The “management” of administration has become a new trend and feature。Specifically manifested in the following: issues (rather than ontology) become the yardstick for defining and obtaining disciplinary identity，That is, as long as the bet365 horse racing odds topic is "public"，It belongs to the field of administrative bet365 horse racing odds；Policy (rather than academic theory) becomes the focus of bet365 horse racing odds，Focus on detailed policies and divide bet365 horse racing odds areas accordingly，But less attention is paid to the common academic and chemical issues behind the policies；Seeking accuracy，Seeking certain certainty in an ingenious way，But pay less attention to values ​​and ethics。Under this trend，Multidisciplinary knowledge pours into the administrative discipline，Broadened the bet365 horse racing odds horizons of public administration，But there are also many issues that need reflection。

First, “publicity” dilutes the study of government ontology。Because the ontology of public administration bet365 horse racing odds is vague，The development of modern society makes any field more or less "public" and becomes a public issue，This provides an opportunity for many studies to enter the field of public administration in the name of “publicity”。To this，Some scholars have regarded this phenomenon as a new disciplinary crisis in public administration。Undeniable，The appropriate integration of other disciplines into administration contains opportunities for theory generation。This is because，Issues that researchers are concerned about、A perspective on the problem、The discourse system used、Selected bet365 horse racing odds methods，Generally determined by the discipline in which they are trained。Attempting to understand social phenomena only from a specific discipline，What you get can only be a part of the phenomenon。Conversion of perspective、The broadening of horizons is more likely to yield new explanations。The problem is，Should this kind of integration have "boundaries"？The characteristics of administrative bet365 horse racing odds are，The behavioral changes of the bet365 horse racing odds object (government) cannot be obtained without personal observation，The acquisition/analysis of empirical materials has different levels depending on the level of theoretical imagination，The exploration of overall logic cannot be achieved without long-term observation and insight。So，Those who need to observe changes in government behavior over a long period of time、A closer look into the fields、bet365 horse racing odds that may produce “good knowledge” by repeatedly shuttling between theory and experience，The more likely it is to be "marginalized"。If things continue like this，The "core" of the subject no longer exists。Therefore，The core issue is not whether other disciplines have broken through the disciplinary territory of administration，It lies in the entry of new researchers，Whether it improves the understanding of the bet365 horse racing odds object？Whether you are keenly aware of and capture the "public pain"？Whether it provides new and enlightening explanations for existing problems？These issues cannot be avoided simply by calling them “public”。

The second is the problem of method masking。Typical views such as "non-quantification = qualitative", "no physical model is qualitative", "quantification is better than qualitative", etc.。Under method worship，Beginners in administration often struggle with studying methods and neglect to ask questions about more basic bet365 horse racing odds、Training of thinking logic。Essentially，bet365 horse racing odds methods serve the bet365 horse racing odds questions。The method itself does not matter "good or bad"，Only “suitable” or not。Each method has its advantages，Also has its specific boundaries，Some methods are more suitable for specific bet365 horse racing odds questions than others。For example，(Sampling) surveys are suitable for understanding people’s attitudes and opinions，Field bet365 horse racing odds can reveal how people interact with each other on specific public issues，Case studies can highlight the causal mechanisms under specific conditions，Hypothetical explanatory relationship between germination and cultivation。It is the complementation and combination of different methods，Only so that the bet365 horse racing odds questions can be answered clearly，This also makes theoretical production possible。

The third is to emphasize the description of phenomena and not the theoretical explanation。Administrative researchers tend to establish their own bet365 horse racing odds questions based on practitioners’ definition of the problem，Even directly follow its discourse system。This approach can improve the applicability of bet365 horse racing odds results，But issues that practitioners pay attention to at different times、The concepts used are often different，And knowledge production is cumulative、Coherent process。If you just follow the practical words and follow the trend，without paying attention to some basic relationship categories behind many practices、Behavioral paradigm and action logic，The study of facts can easily become a list of irrelevant and unimportant facts in a certain environment，Not only is it difficult to form a coherent statement、Systematic bet365 horse racing odds topics，More likely to dispel the autonomy of knowledge production。

　　Strengthening the knowledge production attributes of administrative bet365 horse racing odds

To understand personal distress，Clear social phenomena，You need to transcend your personal local environment，Place individuals/phenomena within overall social history and institutions，Look back at your position in the whole，Examine the driving force behind why “I” am here (why I am here)、Meaning (what’s the point) and the interplay between “I” and the position I’m about to enter (part-to-whole relationship)。Have bet365 horse racing odds kind of thinking ability，Capture connections in a wide range of environments。

First，Strengthen the interaction between experience and theory。First, pay attention to and enter the field of experience。Changes in practice can test the clarity and carrying capacity of theory，Good theory can quickly identify the key content of empirical changes，Broaden existing theoretical boundaries with new empirical parts。The second is from observation to participation。By observation、Interviews and excavation of secondary data，Of course it can enhance the “understanding” of the context and significance of empirical facts，But it is difficult to restore the government’s behavioral logic based on “understanding”。Necessary "participation" is important。This includes participation in government conference organizations、Report drafting、Opinion responses, etc.，Report the insights and experience materials from participating in the process、Repeated comparison of theoretical explanations。The third is the bet365 horse racing odds perspective over a long period of time。Lengthening of bet365 horse racing odds horizons，Make it easier for researchers to capture the influence of structure。Accordingly，Some relatively minor factors are filtered out，This helps researchers make a holistic explanation。

Secondly，Strengthening the structuring of knowledge production。Structured knowledge，Refers to the knowledge practitioner bringing fragmentation through his or her bet365 horse racing odds thinking、isolated、Flat and unorganized views gradually become organized、The process of layering and establishing relationships。Structured knowledge requires a precise definition of something，Establish a proposition with clear boundaries，Discover the linkage mechanism of causal relationship。Take concepts as an example，Researchers (including users) need to clearly define the level and specific direction of the concept，That is, at what level the concept is used，It refers to individuals and their actions，Still relationship interaction，Or structure and mechanism。Similarly，Structured knowledge also requires a clear presentation of the mechanistic relationship between the bet365 horse racing odds object and its specific results，That is, it not only provides an explanation of whether A and B are related，Also provide an explanation of the causal mechanism through which this effect operates，Thus revealing the generative nature of the linkage between explanatory elements and explained elements。

Finally，Constructing general administrative knowledge from specific situations。First, focus on the general issues behind the phenomenon。For example，The forms of organizations are diverse，But no matter it is a hospital、School、Business or government，Both also involve organizational structure、Incentive design、Basic issues such as management span。Therefore，Although the bet365 horse racing odds is based on specific scenarios and time and space，But the concerns are basic and general，This provides the basis for dialogue with the existing knowledge system。The second is to follow the general analysis logic。For example，The bet365 horse racing odds on a certain topic adopts bet365 horse racing odds methods generally recognized by the intellectual community；Ask questions about the confusion between special experiences and general propositions，Focus on how particularity is formed、The relationship between particularity and generality，Rather than a specific expression；Focus on the general principles behind specific behaviors、Impersonal、Characteristics that can be compared with other social facts；Focus on the role and impact of general knowledge in specific situations。

In short，For application-oriented administrative bet365 horse racing odds，Theoretical production (knowledge) is equally important。To build a theory，You need to establish standardized bet365 horse racing odds thinking，Including concerns about the identity of government、Stay persistent on real issues、Persistence to the fields、Be cautious in constructing and using concepts、The pursuit of structured thinking, etc.。

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 horse racing odds, Renmin University of China)