Since the restoration and reconstruction of Chinese public administration，Disciplinary development has achieved remarkable results，But public administrative research also shows the border of the subject border、Legislative crisis such as weakness and consciousness。These "crisis" in essence are in essence that the reason why a discipline is "self -contained" and separated from other disciplines，Especially theoretical production problems。is a public administration as an independent discipline，Do you produce knowledge/theory? According to the standard of research and judgment of academic community，What are the "quality" of these knowledge/theories? Does it help to promote or actually promote China's administrative practice?，It is because of whether we can continue to produce a good study that is different from other disciplines，Then adhere to "we" under the image of the discipline change。

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For public administration，Theory not only has description and interpretation function，Can also establish a relevant system、Value Standards for Policy and Behavior，Then to cause some kind of public order。

First，Theory can deepen the connotation of government operations and its behavior、understanding of features。Theory can first deepen people's behavior or government operating mode characteristics under certain conditions、Connotation and the understanding of its influence。These characteristics and significance come from the close -up observation of the government's long -term period of operation，Continuous attention from government behavior in a certain field、Inspection and reflection。The induction of this feature and meaning can be unique，If in a specific culture、The concept of inspiration that is summarized in the situation and other behaviors in this situation; it can also be general，Although Bet365 app download it is proposed based on a specific situation，But because of its research problems, it has generality，Therefore, this feature is also applicable in other situations。

Next，Theory can provide the cause of government reform and changes in public order、Impact explanation。This interpretation covers the cause of relevant reforms and changes、Promotional and influence，The purpose is to help us understand why specific events and behaviors happen，What happens under what conditions，​​What is the driving force，Why does this form instead of other forms，What effect does it have on the existing structure。Especially，Interpretation of causality between specific behaviors and results。The relationship between this type of research and theoretical production is the most closely，Its common innovation is，A new explanation of a phenomenon that is accustomed to it; pay attention to the subtle changes in the prerequisites (or applicable fields) of the existing theory，and this change (or field replacement) of the existing theoretical disrupting and reconstruction。

Last，Theory can also explore value standards，Affects people's definition of the ideal state。For the government，The standard of the theory is important，It is that decision makers and policy executors often need to make value judgment。Good theory can affect the government's formation of administrative acts about what is "good"、What is the government of "good"、"What value" should be given priority、What kind of public value should be produced by government administration。These knowledge can become the government's implementation of administrative acts、Standards for formulating and implementing public policy，Then improve the standardization of government behavior。

　　The management steering and risk of administrative science

With the development of modern government functions，The issues of public administrative research are also expanding，"management" of administrative science has become a new trend and characteristic。Specific performance in: topic (rather than ontology) bet365 best casino games becomes a ruler defined and obtaining subject identity，That is, as long as the research topic is "public"，It belongs to the scope of administrative research; policy (rather than academic) becomes the focus of research，Pay attention to the policy of fine fragmentation and divide this research field，and less concerned about the common academicization issues behind the policy; seek accuracy，Seek some certainty in a delicate way，Pay less attention to value and ethics。Under this trend，Multi -disciplinary knowledge poured into administrative discipline，Extension of the research field of public administration，But there are also many issues that need to be reflected。

The first is the diluted research on government ontology。Because the ontology of public administrative research is vague，The development of modern society makes any field more or less "public" and become public issues，This provides an opportunity for many studies to enter the public administrative field in the name of "publicity"。For this，Some scholars have regarded this phenomenon as a new discipline crisis for public administration。It is undeniable，The appropriate integration of other disciplines for administrative science contains opportunities to generate theory。This is because of，Questions that researchers follow、The perspective of the problem、The discourse system in use、Selected research methods，Generally determined by the disciplines of its training。Only from a specific subject to try to understand social phenomena，What you get may only be a phenomenon。Conversion of perspective angle、The widening of the field of vision is more likely to generate a new explanation。The question is，Should this integration of "boundary"? The characteristics of administrative research are，The behavior of the research object (government) is not observed and cannot be obtained，The acquisition/analysis of experience materials is different due to the theoretical imagination，Explanation of the overall logic seeks non -long -term perception and cannot Bet365 app download be available。So，The more those who need to observe government behavior changes for a long time、Walk into the field at close range、Those who repeatedly shuttle between theory and experience may produce "good knowledge" research，The more likely it is "marginalized"。Over the past，The "core" of the discipline will no longer exist。So，The core question is not whether other disciplines break through the subject territory of administrative science，and the entry of new researchers，Does it improve the understanding of the research objects? Does it be keenly aware of and capture "public pain"?。

The second is the method covering the problem。Typical views such as "non -quantitative = quality", "countless models are qualitative", "quantization superiority", etc.。Under the worship of the method，Administrative beginners often suffer from studying methods and ignore questions about more basic research、Training of thinking logic。essentially，The research method is to serve the research problem。The method itself does not matter "good or bad"，Only "suitable" or not。Each method has its advantage，There is also a specific boundary，A certain method is more suitable for specific research problems than other methods。For example，(sampling) Investigation is suitable for understanding the attitude of the people，On -site research can reveal how people affect each other on specific public issues，Case research can highlight the causal mechanism under specific conditions，Shengfa and cultivating hypothetical interpretation relationship。It is the complementary and combination of different methods，Only enable the research question to get clear answers，It also makes the theoretical production possible。

Third is the description of the phenomenon and light theoretical interpretation。Administrative researchers tend to establish their own research problems with the definition of the problem by the practitioner，Even directly use its discourse system。This approach can improve the application of research results，But the topic that the practitioner Bet365 lotto review pays attention to in different periods、The concept used for every difference，Knowledge production is cumulative、Coherent process。If you just follow the practice of words, you will also become，instead of paying attention to some basic relationships behind many practices、behavioral paradigm and action logic，The research on facts can easily become a list of facts that are not related to each other in a certain environment.，Not only is it difficult to form coherence、Systematic research theme，It is more likely to eliminate the autonomy of knowledge production。

　　Strengthen the knowledge production attributes of administrative research

To understand personal distress，Clear social phenomenon，You need to surpass your personal environment，Place personal/phenomenon in the overall social history and system，On the other hand, the position of the whole in the whole，The reason why I inspects "I" is driving here (why come here)、Significance (what's the meaning) and the interaction between "I" and the position to enter (partial and overall relationship)。With this thinking ability，You can capture the contact between each other in a large number of different environments。

First，Interaction of enhanced experience and theory。First, follow and enter the experience field。The changes in practice can test the clarity and bearing capacity of the theory，Good theory can quickly identify the key content of changes in experience，Use new experience parts to broaden the existing theoretical boundary。Second, from observation to participation。Observation、Interview and excavation of second -hand information，Of course, it can enhance the "understanding" of the ins and out of the dragon and its significance of the experience facts，It is difficult to restore the government's behavior logic based on "understanding"。The necessary "participation" is important。This includes participating in the government conference organization、Report drafting、Opinion response, etc.，Then the income and experience materials of the participation process、The theoretical bet365 best casino games interpretation is repeatedly compared。Third is a large -time research vision。Research on the field of vision，It makes it easier for researchers to capture the influence of structured。Correspondingly，Some relatively secondary factors are filtered out，This helps researchers to make an overall explanation。

Next，Strengthen the structured of knowledge production。Structural knowledge，Refers to the scattered of knowledge practitioners through their research thinking、isolated、Plane and no organization's views gradually organize、hierarchicalization and establish a process of connecting each other。Structural knowledge requires precise definition of something and something，Create a clear proposition，Discover the linkage mechanism of causality。Take the concept as an example，Researchers (including users) need to clearly define the level and specific direction of the concept，What levels are the concept，It points to individuals and its action，Still relationship interaction，Or structure and mechanism。Similarly，Structural knowledge also requires a clear presentation of the mechanism association between the research objects and its specific results，Not only does it provide an explanation of whether A and B are related，Also provides an explanation of what kind of causal mechanism is exerted by what cause and effect mechanism，to reveal the raw nature of the linkage between the explanatory elements and the explained elements。

Last，Build general administrative knowledge from a specific situation。First, pay attention to the general problems behind the phenomenon。For example，The form of the organization is diverse，But whether it is the hospital、School、Enterprise or government，Also involves the organizational structure、Incentive design、Management amplitude and other basic problems。So，Although studying specific scenes and space -time，But the concern of the problem is the basis and general，This has the basis for dialogue with the existing knowledge system。The second is to follow the general analysis bet365 Play online games logic。For example，Research on a certain topic adopts the research method that the intellectual world is generally recognized; questioning the confusion between special experience and general topic topics，Focus on how the special nature is formed、The relationship between special and general nature，not particularly expression; pay attention、Non -personal、The characteristics that can be compared with other social facts; pay attention to the role of general knowledge in specific situations and their influence。

In short，Administrative research on application -oriented，Theoretical production (knowledge) is equally important。To build the theory，Then you need to establish a standardized research thinking，Including attention to government ontology、Perseverance for real questions、Perseverance of the field、Keep cautiously for the construction and use of concepts、Pursuit of structural thinking, etc.。

(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Renmin University of China)