Environmental History since its birth，I assume the academic mission that deeply thinks about the relationship between humans and the natural environment，It originated from humanities and social sciences，and cross the boundary border，Observation and review the same broad natural world。Current，Academic goals of environmental history in the international academic community、Disciplinary attributes and cognitive value have reached consensus，But there are still many learning issues that need to be discussed in depth。Recent，This edition invites two Chinese and foreign scholars in the field of environmental history -Wang Lihua, Professor of History of Nankai University，Academician of the Academy of American Humanities and Sciences、Professor Donald Worster at the University of Kansas University of Kansas, Donald World, start a dialogue，It is expected to promote the deepening of environmental history related research。

　　bet365 Play online games

Wost: I have been engaged in environmental history for a long time。In the field of modern history research，The history of the environment was born in the United States in the 1970s。Many research graduates began to join this research field at that time，I am also one of them。At the same time，I also joined the first batch of environmental history courses in the United States。initial，Environmental history is closely related to the country and the nation process，Therefore, there is a history of American environment、History of China Environment、African countries environmental history and other disciplines。After years of development，Now the history of environmental history has become a more global research，Research objects are no longer limited to a country，Gradually expand to the history of the entire earth。This is the development of this discipline。

Initial，Due to clearly realizing the importance of the local area，The history of the environment starts from all over the United States，Including desert、Mountains、Mining area、River Valley、Grassland、Forest, etc.，History should be written in all these places，Therefore, historians must not only understand humans，Also understand humans in a specific ecosystem，Live and interact with them。Subsequent historians have expanded from local research to region、Cross -region、Mainland、Ocean，Then to the entire earth。

I think the original scholars' research interests are very diverse，Some people study the cultural history of nature; some people have paid attention to from ancient times to the present，Naturally what does it mean to humans at different stages; some people pay attention to the expression of nature in human culture，For example, literature、Painting、Art、Poetry。But in the end we have become more and more materialized，I once said that the history of the environment starts from the food in the stomach，This is a very material point。From these angles，It is necessary to study the impact of agriculture and its impact on the ecosystem。So I wrote a book about the "Dust Storm" in the 1930s，The agriculture at that time did something wrong at the wrong place，Leading an erosive environmental problems。

In recent years，We see more and more topics paying bet365 live casino games attention to transnational research。For example，History of Brown University, England、Associate Professor of Environment and Sociology Bathsheba Demuth wrote a book "The Floating Coast"，won the Best Environmental History Book Award in 2020，The main content is the influence of Russia and the United States on the Inte on the coast of the Bailing Strait。This is a newer multinational research case，Not just pay attention to one country，but span the border、Involved in the ocean。

Wang Lihua: Rodrik Nash, a professor of history at the University of California, proposed the term "environmental history" around 1970，It marks the official birth of a emerging history。Chinese environmental history research has been stimulated and inspired by the American academic community during the starting stage，But with deep local academic origins。early 20th century，Yinxu archeology found a large number of hi temperature moving and plant relics，At that time, the scholar guessed that the natural environment of the Central Plains region in the Yin and Shang Dynasty was quite different from modern。Since modern times，Some historians have no natural scientific background，Sometimes you can find some special problems from ancient books，For example, 1930，The pre -Qin historian Mr. Xu Zhongshu "Yin Ren's Image and Elephant Southern Move"，System inspection of ancient elephant distribution、Migration Question。Mr. Lei Haizong of Nankai University also published a very special article "The Climate and Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural" in the ancient and modern North China in the 1950s。These studies are related to environmental history。At the same time，Chinese older natural scientists often have very deep old learning skills and historical feelings，Many scholars care and try to explore the local historical resources in the scientific field of science。As Chinese Meteorology、The founder of the Waiting Studies Mr. Zhu Kezhen for decades of research，Published a long paper entitled "Preliminary Research on Climate Change in China in the past 5,000 years"，Divided 5000 years of Chinese climate change into several historical stages，and discussed the interaction between the climate and society。The interesting thing is，This historic papers at the top of the reference rate，It is not from the hand of professional historians。

20th Century，Archeology、Agricultural History、Forestry History、History of Water Conservancy、Studies in the fields of disaster history have discussed the impact of the natural environment on socio -economic or the impact of human activities on the natural environment of the natural environment to varying degrees。Historical geography scholars have opened up many ideas and topics that have been included in the history of environmental history。The same as that of American scholars in the early days of most of the historical and environmental elements of specific regions，Chinese scholars also attach importance to the forests, forestsawa、Soil and soil resources、Desert、Forest and other structural historical natural environmental elements of the factors of the problem discussion，The historical research on special forest trees and rare wild animals has also begun for a long time。Intercourse of Century，Affected by the trend of emerging historical western history，Chinese scholars have gradually introduced and accepted the history of the environment，and on the basis of local bet365 Play online games related academic accumulation，Actively promote the research of environmental history of Chinese environmental history with consciousness of discipline and academic constructive constructive，From scattered exploration to self -made integrated，Roughly experienced three development stages。The first stage，Mainly sort out the facts of environmental protection in history，How to protect the natural environment for thousands of years for thousands of years、Management and Control Yamazawa Resources，What kind of system has been established，What policies have been implemented，What measures have taken，Mainly reviewing related history from the department (industry)，Summary experience lesson，The field of vision is relatively narrow，The topic is not very wide。The second stage，Chinese scholars have begun to explore the interaction between human society and the natural environment in history，On the one hand, examine the changes in the ecological environment of different times and regions，On the other hand, try to in historical narrative、Add environmental considerations in the analysis，Put forward new understanding of environmental history or ecological interpretation of history。third stage，Current scholars are actively exploring，Efforts to build a knowledge system，Refining ideological theory，Try to insight into the change of ancient and modern times，Explore the "way of life" of the Chinese nation，Provides cultural resources and historical knowledge for ecological civilization and harmonious Chinese -style construction of people and nature。As part of these exploration and efforts，We advocate historical thinking centered on life，Emphasize the life care of environmental history，and put forward the concept of "history of life"。

Ecological destruction and environmental deterioration are the common crisis of all mankind，Therefore, the environmental history research of Eastern and Western scholars has common concern and direction，But because of different thoughts and rivers、Academic tradition and practical problems，Thoughts entering the way、There are many differences in theoretical methods and research focus。For example，American scholars have a strong critical consciousness from the beginning，Especially questioning industrial civilization and capitalism; China is a modern post -developed country，Development path and historical process are different from the West，I have been imitating and catching up，Scholarship for technology、Industrial and even capital market holds more positive attitudes。Of course we also noticed industrialization、Urbanization、Environmental problems caused by commercialization，But compared with the spirit of "revealing evil" with the United States，We have more "successful" feelings，more preferred to excavate from history、Inheritance、Promote good and beautiful things。No matter what，Chinese and Western environmental scholars are trying to review the human environmental behavior and consequences in history，Try to explain the complex relationship between people hidden in the depths of historical torrents。

　　Analysis of human culture or biological  

Wost: You are right，When American scholars are thinking about the relationship between humans and environment，It has always been very critical，This is especially true since the 1970s。

But for the time you said，I think there are some differences in history and environment in China and the United States。As you said，China has Bet365 lotto review a long history，I also agree with this。China not only has a long history，More importantly，China is rich in records。Actually，Tattage back to the American Aboriginal people in 15000 years，It is quite a long time to look at the history of the United States like this。They also encounter problems in interacting with the environment，But no record is left。Therefore，The biggest problem is how to understand those who live in written language and archives，This is very difficult。We must adopt a cross -disciplinary method，Consider the new file form，For example, explore by anthropologists、Archaeologists、Records left by natural scientists, etc.，Then we must learn to read these records。We want to relieve the deeper history outside the 20th century，This will greatly expand the historical sense of North America and Asia，This is our ultimate goal，And I believe we can do it。

Wang Lihua: From the perspective of the historical history you advocated，The history of the environment should be comprehensive、The relationship between people and nature as a whole。Recently I have some new ideas，I believe that "what is the person" should be asked as the first question，Starting from the starting point of human life，This is different from the previous history of "Who am I"，Slow down down a layer。People are accidental products for the evolution of the earth's life，Earth history is 4.6 billion years，Life evolution has also experienced a long journey of 3.5 billion years，Our species only appeared in the last moment，It has only more than 2 million years since the upright person。Even if you only talk about human history，In 99%, our way of survival is not much different from other animals，The genetic similarity with chimpanzees is as high as 99%。Environmental history mainly examines how human beings have made a living based on historical documents，How to treat other life forms，How to use and transform nature according to human needs and will，But in order to answer the above questions，We need to trace back to the era without text and ask "what people are"，Otherwise, you cannot understand many human activities in history，Can't explain why those environmental problems are now a problem。

As part of nature，Human beings are just one of countless biological species，Most of the time is collected、Found life from hunting。But the cultural nature that all other creatures do not have，Human beings rely on cultural power rather than rely on biological instinct life，I have experienced the Cognitive Revolution (about 70,000 years ago)、Agricultural Revolution (about 10,000 years ago)，Especially the Industrial Revolution (starting from 200 years ago)，Humans have constructed more and more complex cultural systems。The survivability and competitive advantage of this special species have been greatly leapt many times，Mode of the relationship between people and nature、breadth、Deep and intensity multiple disruptive changes，It is precisely because it has an increasingly more powerful cultural force，Human beings gradually make various rebellion and even harm to nature，As a result, such a deep ecological crisis。If environmental history is a learning of reflection，Then we must make historical liquidation of culture。Special statement，"Culture" here is a culture in the sense of anthropology or human history，It is a broad sense，Including material and spirit、Human creation and human traits bet365 live casino games in all aspects of cognition and behavior。

The reason why environmental history is rising quickly，Is it because of great trouble in reality; why are people worrying about environmental issues? Because it is a terrible question。Human life -physical tissue and physiological characteristics are naturally natural，Evolution has been completed as early as the end of the update，Almost no change since then，But from that，The earth environment has undergone tremendous changes，Human activities have played an increasingly important role。Humans have continuously changed the natural environment of the surrounding surroundings with their cultural power，Create your own life world，At the same time, cause various environmental problems。Now we are still the physical body that has been completed in the era of the world，But living in the human world environment that has changed dramatically and continues to accelerate changes。One of the essence of environmental problems today is that the increasingly shrinking earth cannot support the increasing material desire of human beings; the second key is that human activities make the earth more and more damaged，Human life is increasingly unhealthy、Unsafe，The root cause is the deviation and mistake of cultural development。So，The distinction between environmental history is characterized by general historical research is to try to start from human biological attributes and cultural sources，Tracks of pursuing human life activities，Tell the relationship between people and nature，Reveal the essence of environmental problems，Inquiry about the environmental behavior should be，Question thinking runs through the past、Now and the future，The starting point is biology，The end is philosophy，The target is a long -lasting "way of life"。

Wost: I don’t agree with this statement。I started to do research as knowledge and cultural historians，I always think that we have excessively emphasized cultural nature。Of course we need to think about cultural content such as values ​​and ideas，But it has gone too far in this area，Should walk back to make some biological thinking。Human beings are organic bodies driven by demand and desire，Among them, there are two desires very strong，They are not cultural desires，but physiological food and sex。We need food to survive，Need sex to reproduce offspring。Understanding my internal、Biological Basic Temperature Previous，We can't really talk about external nature。Therefore，I think it is a bit exaggerated to split nature and culture。So I want to say，Understanding the basic needs of human beings are equally important to pay attention to the treasure of cultural treasures。We need to understand the continuous demand of human food，This will not change greatly over time，This will not change greatly over time。Therefore，In my opinion，The history of the environment brings back some non -cultural characteristics and truly powerful driving force，and try to correct the excessive attention of many historians on cultural and cultural differences。When we put down cultural differences a little，I will notice that we are all humans。We all have an organ -brain，It is its difference that makes us different from others，But it cannot control all our behavior。Therefore，I think there are some differences in the understanding of philosophical issues，The way to do research may also be different。

　　Reflection culture and the future of believing in human beings 

Bet365 lotto review Wang Lihua: You seem to misunderstand me。I think that although we express different expressions，But the point of view is similar。Why do I say that the starting point of environmental history is biology? Because if you want to recognize the nature and pest of environmental problems，It is necessary to figure out "what is the person"? People are the first kind of biology，Can't get rid of physical tissue，Can't erase physiological characteristics，This is the most helpless place of human beings，So "Lao Tzu" said, "I have a big patient，I have a body for me，and I have no body，What is my troubled? "The current ecological environment and our physical tissue and physiological characteristics have produced more and more contradictions and conflicts，It has caused many worrying environmental problems。How did they produce? Which of them are caused by human beings?、Survival conditions and life needs，The system reviews the past (dominated and regulated by cultural) bad motivation and error behavior。

I specifically pointed out that you need to reflect and criticize culture，It is because of this magical power that only human beings and unlimited growth，From the perspective of historicalism and dialectics，Human beings continue to transform nature while creating their own reliance，But it is also very likely to be evil、Tools for making evil，The huge destructive force that can not match any other species hidden。We know，Human nature is not the strongest，There are many aspects that are not as good as beasts，For example, the load is not as good as a cow，It's not as good as a horse，Can't fly like a bird，, etc.。In response。The reason why people are people，The reason why people are different from the beast，The reason why people can use it、Drive the beast，All because of culture。Earth Life System has evolved so far，Many animals that are born earlier than human beings and are powerful than human body are still the original appearance，million years、10 million years or even more for a long time without any growth。Human beings are increasingly accelerated to create progress -not only changing nature，Building a human life world，And repair its natural body，Power of Power has already surpassed the Fantasy God God。What is the root of all this? It lies in the deviation and lack of culture。I may be considered a "environmental historical and cultural critical discovers"，But do not want to be misunderstood as "cultural nihisn" or "cultural original sin theory"。The point of view I want to express is，Everything has two sides，Culture is the same。Cultivation and correct use of culture，Can create wealth、Promoting Welfare; Cultural Loss、Paranoid and misuse、Abuse，Must bring risk、Causes disaster。

I want to emphasize again，Take life care as the spiritual kernel of environmental history，Carry out historical thinking centered on life，It is my consistent proposition，Because environmental problems are terrible problems，Related to human life and death。The reason why here emphasizes cultural reflection and criticism，It is because we cannot get rid of biological attributes after all，Can't deny people's basic desires and life needs，Relieve、Eating、The legitimacy of drinking water and breeding offspring，Otherwise, it is the natural nature of the harm，The bottom logic of the civilization。Indeed as you said，In the past, emphasized the social and cultural nature of human beings，Study on the history of social and cultural history，Some aspects have gone too far so that they have forgotten the basic needs bet365 best casino games of people，In the end, it also misunderstood the function and essence of culture。Since the Industrial Revolution，Tool rationality is increasing and horizontal，Material desire is more indulgent，Consumerism prevails，The shrinking earth is becoming more and more weak to support the life that people want，Frequent and violent natural revenge is forcing human society to a cliff of life and death。Environment historians should go through time，Review when humans started to think wrong、Where did I have done something wrong，Clarify how the environmental problems have accumulated and come to、What is the root source，Clarify how the environmental problems have accumulated and come to、Dual reconciliation of social relationships and natural relationships, as well。This is part of human cultural ability，Isn't it?

Wast: I don’t know if you remember the Hollywood movie "Queen Africa"，The one played by Humffero Baojia and Catherine Hepburn。On a smooth boat，The role played by Hepburn said to Bao Jia's character，No matter what name she gave him，His nature is the purpose of human beings to come to this world，Conquest Rules、Conquest Sky。We are here to conquer nature，Not just external nature，And our inner evil。

I think，At the beginning of the history of the environment to some extent, it is the opposite，That is, the natural situation is better，Poor human condition。We come to the earth to conquer ourselves，instead of other parts of nature。For example，I am trying to make myself more optimistic，No longer so picky。I want to say，If humans love nature，I also love human nature，I refers not to culture，Instead, the common basic biology part。Humans need to trust nature，Basically, human nature is not just good，It is also sustainable，We don't have to fall into the struggle，However, how to achieve this is the biggest problem facing now。I have studied problems such as population reproduction，I see many people want to have less children，Why? I think many of them think the world is too crowded、There are too many environmental problems，So you need to have less children。I think this is actually a manifestation of human nature，Copy difficulties in a very positive way。I think，This is an example that humans can believe in themselves。The environmental department has many response plans for these issues，Therefore, this is just my own feelings。

　　(On -site organization and translation/Chu Guofei)