China is a unified multi-ethnic country，Diverse and unified bet365 mobile life is important for national unity、Social Development、National construction plays an important and fundamental role。The national common bet365 mobile integrates the traditional Chinese "common bet365 mobile" thought and the modern national bet365 mobile concept，After more than a century of iterative development，Become a protector of national unity、Cultural basis for national unity，It is the cultural bond that forges the sense of community of the Chinese nation。

　"Words must be consistent" and universal education

The decline of the late Qing Dynasty、Difficulties at home and abroad，The Chinese nation is in danger。After the failure of the Westernization and Self-Strengthening Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898，Awakened intellectuals realize that education must be implemented before saving the nation、Open people’s wisdom、Wake up the people；But there are difficulties in traditional Chinese characters、Words do not agree、bet365 mobile differences and other issues，Becoming a direct obstacle to universal public education。So the "Qie Yin Zi Movement" opened the prelude to modern Chinese bet365 mobile innovation。At that time, people generally believed that "Qieyin" and "New Characters" were "weapons for popularizing education"，Shouting the slogan “Words match words”，“Use a ‘sound cutting’ tool，To replace a single Chinese character that is complicated and difficult to write” (Li Jinxi)。The Qieyinzi movement pursues "uniformity in words and words" and "simplification of calligraphy and painting"，Proposed various ideas to achieve bet365 mobile unification through "cut sounds" and "simplified characters"，Or "Nanjing dialect is the prevailing orthographic character，For the correct pronunciation of each province” (Lu Xunzhang)，Or think that "bet365 mobile must be unified，It’s better to choose Beijing dialect” (Wang Zhao)，Some people advocate "learn the local pronunciation first so that it can be easily understood，It is necessary to learn Beijing pronunciation for the first time in order to unify it" (Lao Naixuan)。In short, everyone sees that the Mandarin developed over hundreds of years can serve as the basis for bet365 mobile unification。

The Qieyin character is centered on the pronunciation of the character、Based on dialect，There is no way to avoid the problems of regional limitations and bet365 mobile fragmentation。The true concept of "bet365 mobile unification" is inspired by Japan's "national bet365 mobile" system。Japan was divided into vassal states before modern times、Dialects galore、People’s morale is scattered。Under the influence of Western European nationalism，The concept of "national bet365 mobile" was introduced during the Meiji period，Establish Tokyo’s “Mandarin” as the national bet365 mobile and national bet365 mobile，Make it an essential art of national governance and the “spiritual blood” of the people (Ueda Wannian)。After the defeat of Sino-Japanese War，China turns to Japan to learn how to enrich the country and strengthen its military。1902，Wu Rulun, the chief professor of Capital University, went to Japan to inspect education，Discovered “Japanese schools must have Mandarin readers”，Recognize that “unanimity of the national bet365 mobile is the key to unifying society”、China urgently needs a “unified bet365 mobile”、Schools should “rather abandon other subjects and add Mandarin”。Subsequently, Zhang Zhidong and others established the "Guimao Education System" (1904), drawing on Japan's "Mandarin" education experience，It is stipulated that "all schools learn official pronunciation"，"The bet365 mobile that intends to unify the world with official pronunciation"。The idea of ​​unifying the Chinese bet365 mobile spreads widely、deeply rooted in people’s hearts。1911，The Qing government held a central education conference of academic departments，Officially adopted the name "国语"，And passed the "Unification of the Mandarin bet365 mobile Act"。

　　“Unification of the national bet365 mobile”, the founding of the Republic of China

After the Revolution of 1911，Sun Yat-sen aims to "make China a unified country"、Complete Country”。bet365 mobile is responsible for popularizing mass education、Enlighten people’s moral wisdom、Understand the functions of social governance。

July 1912，The "Interim Education Conference" of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China decided to promote the unification of the national bet365 mobile，The pronunciation unification meeting will be held the following year to review the standard "character pronunciation"，Resolved "Methods for the Promotion of National Music"。However, this pronunciation standard called "Old Guoyin" takes into account both the north and the south、A mixture of ancient and modern times，It is difficult to promote to the whole society；In addition, the current situation is changing，There is little progress in actual work。However, at that time, the enthusiasm for the unification of the Chinese bet365 mobile was rising， The Mandarin Research Association of the Republic of China, established by the private sector in 1916，Become the mainstay of the Mandarin movement。The Chinese bet365 mobile Research Association advocates the "unification of the Chinese bet365 mobile"，Echoes the "literary revolution" advocated by "New Youth" magazine，Let’s promote the vernacular movement with the aim of “unanimity between words and words”，The May 4th New Culture Movement set off a "robust momentum"。Under the active promotion of the Chinese bet365 mobile Research Association，The Beiyang government established the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Mandarin bet365 mobile of the Ministry of Education in 1919，Completed the revision of the national pronunciation standard (changing the "old national pronunciation" to the "new national pronunciation" based on Beijing pronunciation)、Change the Chinese liberal arts department into the Chinese bet365 mobile department in national schools and other work。In 1928, the National Government re-established the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Mandarin bet365 mobile of the Ministry of Education，In 1935, it was reorganized into the National bet365 mobile Promotion Committee of the Ministry of Education。

　　"Universally applicable", step by step

The founding of the People's Republic of China ushered in a new era in Chinese history，The new bet365 mobile undertaking has become the basic condition and important content of the socio-economic and cultural construction of New China。Party and state leaders attach great importance to bet365 mobile work，Mao Zedong personally guided the formulation of writing reform policies，Zhou Enlai deployed the implementation of writing reform tasks。The country has successively established the Chinese Character Reform Association、Chinese Character Reform Research Committee、The Chinese Character Reform Committee studies and carries out bet365 mobile work。In order to comprehensively and rapidly promote bet365 mobile work，The Ministry of Education and the Chinese Character Reform Commission jointly held a National Character Reform Conference in October 1955，Then the Chinese Academy of Sciences held an academic conference on the standardization of modern Chinese，The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the State Ethnic Affairs Commission jointly held the first national scientific symposium on ethnic minority languages。The Chinese bet365 mobile industry is booming in New China，bet365 mobile planning presents a longer-term strategic vision、A more ambitious career pattern、More significant social results。To 1958，The state has successively formulated and announced the "Chinese Character Simplification Plan" and the "Chinese Pinyin Plan"，Established the Central Working Committee for the Promotion of Mandarin and issued the "Instructions on the Promotion of Mandarin"，In addition, more than a dozen pinyin writing schemes have been created or improved for ethnic minorities。

The Chinese bet365 mobile work during this period had two obvious "turns"。First, the focus of work shifts from bet365 mobile unification to character reform。January 1956，The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established in the "Instructions on Writing Reform Work Issues" that the policy of writing reform is "to follow the common pinyin direction of the world's scripts"。The writing reform continued the pinyinization path of the Mandarin Roman characters and the Latinized new writing movement during the Republic of China，Aiming at pinyinization of Chinese characters，To simplify Chinese characters、Promote Mandarin、The formulation and implementation of the Chinese Pinyin plan are three major tasks。The second is to shift the bet365 mobile unification strategy from promoting Mandarin to promoting Mandarin。The referent of "Putonghua" after the 1950s is basically the same as the previous "Guoyu"，But the ideas and meanings they carry are quite different。The term Mandarin was introduced from Japan in the early 20th century，Originally refers to "the common words of each province"，The so-called "Lanqing Mandarin"。The Mandarin during the Republic of China was actually the "elegant bet365 mobile of modern literature" that was "pronounced according to the national pronunciation"，There is a big distance from the spoken bet365 mobile of the public，That’s why left-wing intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai in the 1930s called it “bureaucracy’s so-called Guoyu”，It is "a word commonly used in official circles or upper class society"，And further believe that it is suspected of class limitations and national oppression。They advocated "common" in the popular bet365 mobile movement、Popular、Modern “Mandarin”。The National Speech Reform Conference in 1955 decided to call the modern common bet365 mobile of the Han nation "Putonghua"，Taking the meaning of "universal"。February 1956，The State Council's "Instructions on Promoting Mandarin" requires that Mandarin be promoted mainly "among the Han people nationwide" (including Han people in minority areas)。As the exchanges and exchanges between people of all ethnic groups become increasingly in-depth and extensive，Mandarin as an interethnic lingua franca、The function of social common bet365 mobile continues to be consolidated，Gradually developed into a common bet365 mobile across the country。

　"National common bet365 mobile", common bet365 mobile

1985，The State Council changed the Chinese Character Reform Commission into the National bet365 mobile and Character Working Committee，marks that bet365 mobile work is moving into a broader field、Perform more comprehensive functions。The National bet365 mobile Work Conference was held in January 1986，Determine bet365 mobile standardization、Standardization is the leading policy for bet365 mobile work in the new era，Promote Mandarin、Promoting the standardization of Chinese bet365 mobile has become the top priority。Normalized and universal bet365 mobile、Unifying diverse bet365 mobile life is the basic condition for modernization。The "Constitution of the People's Republic of China" clearly stipulates: "The state promotes Mandarin that is commonly used throughout the country。” 2000，The state has specially promulgated the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the National Standard Spoken and Written bet365 mobile"，Establishing the legal status and social functions of Mandarin as the country’s common bet365 mobile。But at the level of social practice，The promotion and popularization of my country’s national common bet365 mobile started late、Slow progress。In the 1950s, "vigorously promoted"，Key implementation，The policy of promoting Mandarin through gradual popularization；Adjusted to “vigorously promote” in 1992，Actively popularize，Gradually improve”，increased popularity、Intensity of improvement。The goal set in 1986 was to basically popularize Mandarin by the end of the 20th century；Adjusted in 1997 to initially popularize Mandarin nationwide by 2010。But in fact, the popularity rate of Mandarin in 2000 was only 53%，Won’t reach 80 until 2020.72%，The historic achievement of “the basic popularization of Mandarin across the country、The goal of basically eliminating bet365 mobile communication barriers。The national common bet365 mobile is already playing a key role in poverty alleviation、Rural Revitalization、Played an important role in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way。

Entering a new era，Comprehensively strengthen national common bet365 mobile education，Increase the promotion of national common spoken and written bet365 mobile，Focus on key areas、Key groups，Continuously improve the quality and level of popularization，Still the central task of bet365 mobile work。The national common spoken and written bet365 mobile represents the direction of integration of Chinese culture，Is the cultural base of Chinese national identity，Can effectively promote exchanges and integration among various ethnic groups，Building a shared spiritual home for the Chinese nation，Continuously build a stronger sense of community for the Chinese nation，To inspire the spirit of realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation、Gathering strength。

　　(The author is a member of the research team of the bet365 mobile Social Science Fund’s special project “Historical Experience and Forging the Common Consciousness of the Chinese Nation—Research on the Formation and Development of the Chinese bet365 mobile Community”、Associate researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)