China is a unified multi -ethnic country，Diverse and unified language life for national unity、Social Development、National Construction has important basic functions。National General Language integrates the traditional Chinese "speaking" ideas and modern national language concepts，After more than a century of iterative development，Becoming to maintain national unity、National unified cultural foundation，Cultural bond that plays the consciousness of the Chinese nation community。

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The situation in the late Qing Dynasty was defeated、Internal and external trapped，The Chinese nation is in dangerous situation。After the failure of the Westernization Movement and the failure of the Wuwu Vita's new reform，Awakening intellectuals realize that the saving map needs to be implemented for education、Open Minzhi、Wake up the Chinese;、Not in line、Language differences and other questions，Direct obstacles to become popular education。So the "Cut Sound Movement" revealed the prelude to modern Chinese innovation。At that time, people generally believed that "cutting" and "new characters" were "the weapon of popularizing education"，Shout the slogan of "Consistent Words"，"You need to use a 'cut sound' tool，to replace the tedious and difficult to write Chinese characters "(Li Jinxi)。Cutting phonetic movement is pursuing "the words of words" and "simple calligraphy and painting" as the pursuit，Put forward the various ideas of language unity through "cut sound" and "brief words"，or "Nanjing dialect as a positive word，is the positive sound of the province "(Lu Yanzhang)，Or think "Language will be planned，Should take Beijing dialect "(Wang Zhao)，Or advocate "Each bet365 best casino games of the local pronunciations in this place is easy to solve，Tong Xi Jingyin is unified with time "(Lao Naixuan)。In short, everyone has seen the official dialect that has formed for hundreds of years can be used as the basis for the unity of language。

Cutting sounds are based on the word sound、Based on dialect，It is impossible to avoid the problem of regional limitations and language split。The true concept of "language unity" is inspired by the Japanese "Mandarin" system。Japan's before the modern times in modern times、The people's heart is scattered、The people's heart is scattered。Under the influence of Western European nationalism，The concept of "Mandarin" was introduced during the Meiji period，Establish Tokyo "Mandarin" as a national language and national language，Make it a national governance and "Psychiatric Blood" (Shangdian Wannian)。After the defeat of the Sino -Japanese War，China turns to Japan to learn the rich country and strong soldiers。1902，Jingshi University Church Church Church, Wu Runlun, go to Japan to study education，Discover "Japanese schools must have Mandarin reading"，Aware that "Mandarin is consistent with the essence of unified society"、China urgently needs "unified language"、Academy as "I would like to abandon him and add Mandarin"。Later Zhang Zhidong and others cultivated the "Gui Yan Academic System" (1904) and borrowed from Japanese "Mandarin" education experience，Standardized "Learning of Gong Guan Yue"，"It is intended to unify the language in the unified day"。Mandarin unified thoughts are widely spread、Deep people's hearts。1911，The Qing government held the Central Education Conference of the Ministry of Education，officially adopted the "Mandarin" name，and pass the "Unified Mandarin Act"。

　　"Mandarin Unification", Zhaoji Republic of China

After the Revolution of 1911，Sun Yat -sen is "making China a unified、Complete Country "。Mandarin is responsible for popularizing popular education、Perform bet365 live casino games people morality、Function of Tongda Social Governance。

July 1912，The "Temporary Education Conference" of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China decided to promote unified Mandarin，The pronunciation unification of the pronunciation for the following year will be reviewed the standard "word sound"，Decision on the "National Yin Implementation Method"。However, the sound criteria called "Old National Voice" because it takes into account the North and South、Miscellaneous and modern，It is difficult to promote the whole society;，Almost no progress in actual work。However, the enthusiasm for the unity of Mandarin in society at that time was rising all the way， 1916 The People's Republic of China Mandarin Research Association，The mainstay of the Mandarin Movement。Mandarin Research Association advocates "Mandarin Unification"，"Literature Revolution" advocated by the "New Youth" magazine echo each other，Promote the vernacular movement with the purpose of "consensus"，It has set off the "Boom Time of Surging" in the May Fourth New Culture Movement。Under the active promotion of the Mandarin Research Association，The Beiyang Government established the Mandarin Unified Preparation Meeting of the Ministry of Education in 1919，Complete the modification of the national voice standards (change the "old national voice" to the "new national voice" based on the Beijing voice)、Reform the Chinese School of Culture as a Mandarin and other jobs。In 1928, the National Government re -established the Ministry of Education's Mandarin Unified Preparatory Committee，In 1935, it was reorganized into the Mandarin Implementation Committee of the Ministry of Education。

　　"Generally General", step by step

The People's Republic of China established a new era that opened up Chinese history，New Chinese business has become the basic condition and important content of the construction of the new China's socio -economic and cultural construction。Party and bet365 live casino games state leaders attach great importance to Chinese work，Mao Zedong personally guides the formulation of text reform policies，Zhou Enlai deployed and implemented text reform tasks。The State has established the Chinese Text Reform Association、Research Committee of Chinese Text Reform、Research and Language Work of the Chinese Cultural Reform Commission。In order to comprehensively and quickly promote Chinese work，The Ministry of Education and the China Faculty Reform Commission jointly held a national text reform meeting in October 1955，Then the Chinese Academy of Sciences held an academic conference in modern Chinese standards，The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Civil Committee jointly held the first national minority language science discussion meeting。New China's Chinese career flourish，Language planning presents a longer -term strategic concept、More ambitious career pattern、More significant social results。until 1958，The country has formulated and published the "Chinese Character Simplified Plan" and "Chinese Pinyin Plan"，Established the Central Promotion of Putonghua Working Committee and issued the "Instructions on Promoting Mandarin"，In addition, it has also created or improved more than a dozen Pinyin text solutions for ethnic minorities。

The Chinese work in this period has two obvious "steering"。One is that the focus of work shifts from unified language to text reform。January 1956，The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the "Instructions on the Works of Text Reform Work" The policy of establishing a text reform is "to go to the common pinyin direction of the world's text"。Text reform continues the Pinyin road of Mandarin Roman characters and Latinized new text movements during the Republic of China，Targeting Chinese characters as a target，Simplify Chinese characters、Promote Mandarin、Formulate and implement Chinese pinyin schemes as three major tasks。The Bet365 app download second is that the language unity is transformed from the promotion of Mandarin to promoting Mandarin。The "Mandarin" after the 1950s is basically the same as the previous "Mandarin" referred to the object，But the concept of their load is very different。Putonghua's term was introduced from Japan in the early 20th century，At first refers to "the words of all provinces"，That is usually the so -called "blue green official"。The Mandarin of the Republic of China was actually "the elegant language of the recent text"，There is a lot of distance from the oral language of the public，So the left -wing intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai and other left -wing intellectuals called "the so -called Mandarin of the bureaucracy"，Is "commonly used in officialdom or upper -class social layers"，Then it thinks it has suspicion of class limitations and national oppression。They advocate "common、Volkswagen、Modern "Mandarin。1955 National Welfare Reform Conference decided to call the modern Han nation together as "Mandarin"，The meaning of "General GM"。February 1956，The State Council's "Instructions on Promoting Mandarin" requires that "among the Han people across the country" (including the Han people in the ethnic minority areas) to promote Mandarin。With the exchanges of people of all ethnic groups, exchanges are becoming more and more extensive，Mandarin as an inter -ethnic language、Function of social common words is constantly consolidating，Gradually develop into a common language of the country。

　"National General", Tong language concentric

1985，The State Council changed the Chinese Literature Reform Commission to the National Language Working Committee，It marks a wide range of Chinese work、Give play to more comprehensive functions。January 1986 held a national language work meeting，Determine the standardization of language and text、Standardization into the leading policy of Chinese work in the new period，Promote Mandarin、bet365 best casino games Promoting Chinese standardization into the primary task。Standardized common language、Unified and diverse language life is the basic condition of modernization。The Constitution of the People's Republic of China clearly stipulates: "The country promotes the common Putonghua of the country。"2000 years，The country also specifically introduced the "People's Republic of China National General Language Law"，Establishing Mandarin's legal status and social functions as a national general language。But at the level of social practice，The promotion of general language in my country、Slow progress。In the 1950s, "vigorously advocated，Key implementation，Gradually popularized "promotion policy; in 1992, it was adjusted to" vigorously promoting，Active popularization，Gradually improve "，Increasing popularity、Improved strength。The goal determined in 1986 was to basically popularize Mandarin by the end of 20th century; it was adjusted in 1997 to 2010 to preliminary Putonghua nationwide。But in fact, the penetration rate of the Puppet Talk in 2000 is only 53%，It did not reach 80.72% until 2020，Historically realized "Putonghua basically popularized nationwide、Basic Elimination of Language Communication Basically "。National General Language is already out of poverty、Village Revitalization、It has played an important role in a well -off society in an all -round way。

Enter the new era，Comprehensively strengthen the education of the country's universal language and text，Comprehensively strengthen the education of the country's universal language and text，Focus on key areas、Key people，Constantly improve the quality and level of popularization，Still the central task of Chinese work。National General Language Represents the direction of the integration of Chinese culture，is a cultural base recognized by the Chinese nation，Able to promote the interaction and integration of the exchanges and exchanges of all ethnic groups，Build a spiritual home for the bet365 live casino games Chinese nation，constantly casting the consciousness of the Chinese nation community，The spirit of the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation、Gel force。

　　(Author is a member of the National Social Science Fund Research Special Project "Historical Experience and Casting the Chinese Nation -Community Community of Community of the Chinese Nation"、Associate Researcher of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)