Academic discourse system as a modern and contemporary Chinese Buddhist research，"Buddhism Sinicization" is symbolized or labeled in many studies，Lack of systemic academic review and interpretation。

Compared to other religions enter China，Buddhism has four essential characteristics from India to China: First, the cultural communication method of "weak organization"。Between Indian Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism，The main line of translation and communication of classic text，And the monk is interacting as an individual，There is no organizational connection with Indian Buddhism，Therefore, war that has never happened due to Buddhist communication。The second is the original cultural fusion。Confucianism in China、The prosperity of Taoism culture is the "background" of Buddhism development，Although Buddhism and Confucianism、There are conflicts such as monk repair wisdom and filial piety at home，But the original classic interpretation and theoretical innovation of Chinese Buddhism，Solution the ethical conflict between the three religions，Promoting the beauty of the three teachers、Cultural fusion of the United States and the United States。Third, the cultural practice created by the elite and the public。The "Buddhist Chineseization" that stretches for thousands of years is not simply a Buddhist community、Creation of cultural elite intellectuals，but the common creation of "Chinese Buddhism"。Fourth is the integration of global and local integration。Chinese Buddhism as the results of "Chineseization of Buddhism"，It is both the local transformation of civilization outside the territory，Communication to East Asia, Southeast Asia centered on China。

Sort out the academic discourse system of "Chinese Chinese"，Must pay close attention to the above four features。At the same time，To explain "What is Buddhism Chinese"，It must be explained "What is not Chinese Chinese"，Analysis of Buddhism Sinicization and Sinicization、Localization、Emotionalism and other concepts differences，To clarify the connotation of Buddhism in China。

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Sinicization of Buddhism is "Indian Buddhism" interacts with Chinese culture、complementary、Symbiosis、The process of combining flow，In a bet365 Play online games sense，It is the two major civilized conflicts、The historical process of comprehensive innovation。China is a multi -ethnic、The vast country in the territory，For Indian Buddhism，The spread of "weak organization" just adapts to "China" as "background" and "concept"。"Buddhism Chineseization" as an academic discourse system，Must take care of the territory of modern China and the different branches of Buddhism。

Buddhism was introduced into the Han area of ​​China in the 1st century，and in the 7th century、In the 11th century, it was introduced to the Tibetan region of China and the Dai area of ​​Yunnan。Buddhism combines the geographical environment and cultural forms of different ethnic groups，It has a different national temperament in China、Forms and Features: Hanzhong Buddhism、Tibetan Buddhism and Southern upper part of Buddhism，Use Chinese respectively、Tibetan and Wenwen each focus on promoting Mahayana Buddhism、The doctrine of Buddhism and the upper part of Buddhism。So，"Buddhist Chineseization" should be a Buddhist Chinese、Topic and Dahua's total name。

Indian Buddhism enters the Han Dynasty through Central Asia and the Western Regions，Creative transformation and innovative development，Forms Han Buddhism，This evolution process is "Buddhism Han"。Buddhism Sinicization is Buddhism to Confucianism、Deep understanding of Tao culture、Resonance and integration，But Buddhism has not become the cultural subject of the "Han Cultural Circle"，Always living in the wing of Confucian culture。From the perspective of communication，Han Buddhism is a Buddhist Buddhism circulating in the "Han Cultural Circle" with Confucianism as a cultural background。The so -called "Han Cultural Circle"，The cultural circle marked by using Chinese characters，Including China and Japan、South Korea and other countries that are smoked by Han culture。

Sinicization of Buddhism is not a single ethnicization，Buddhist Chineseization is not a single ethnicization，Han Buddhism is created by the monks of the Han and ethnic minorities and even the Chinese monks。From West Asia、Monks of the territory in Central and South Asia and Yuba, Xinjiang, my country、Guizi、Monks of Shule and other places，Deeper into the Han Dynasty translation and mission。Among the eight major sects of the Sui and Tang dynasties，Three theories、Consciousness、Huayan、The establishment of the denominations such as the dense and Zen sects are involved in non -Han monks，or even created by non -Han monks。Han bet365 best casino games Buddhism actually blends the wisdom of multi -ethnic Buddhist monks and monks，Blended the Buddhist ideology and culture of multi -ethnic nation，It reflects the plump character created by multi -ethnic groups。

　　What is the localization of Buddhism

The definition of localization (localization) is based on the general and narrow sense of "local" pointed to。corresponding，The so -called "localization of Buddhism" also has a broad and narrow distinction。Judging from the history of Buddhism into China，"Localization of Buddhism" in the narrow sense refers to the nature of Buddhism adapting to the different regions of China、Culture、political and economic environment，to present the features of diversity。Ru Yandong pointed out，Northern and Southern Dynasties，Northern Buddhism Reconstruction，Southern Buddhism is preferred to righteousness。"Localization of Buddhism"，Buddhism transmission and development rooted in Chinese cultural soil，Taoism of Buddhism during the Wei and Jin Dynasties、Confucianism of Buddhist ethics and moral concepts，and the naturalist lifestyle formed by Zen under the influence of Lao Zhuang，This is consistent with the "Buddhist Chineseization" as an academic discourse system。

When the Sui and Tang dynasties to the two Song Dynasty，Chinese Buddhism as an important result of "Chineseization of Buddhism"，An important part of becoming a traditional Chinese culture，and the existing Confucian、Taoism Culture symbiosis and coexistence，and start the spread of foreign countries in the field。Confucian、Buddha、Dao San religion deep integration，Unlike inseparable，Provide resources for the spiritual world and social life of the Chinese people。This is a cultural integration with original meaning，Nourishing the minds of Chinese philosophy and life and death of Chinese society、Causes and other concepts。

Dutch Sinologist Xu Lihe and pointed out，Indian Buddhism introduced to China，​​Not only does it mean the spread of ideas，It is still a new type of social organization -practice group is SanghaPass。This new organizational structure and lifestyle，"Embedded" the original power mechanism、Social class and social life，Filial piety、Rites and other issues form a conflict at the ethical level，Promote Chinese Buddhism's ideas for itself、Adjust the organizational structure and lifestyle。"Monk" is the main body of Buddhism as a religious entity。bet365 live casino games Monk、Monk Group、The institutional religion composed of the temple is embedded in the field of Chinese cultural habitat，The role and reaction force caused by it，is a real "life experience" and historical scene。

"Buddhism Chineseization" as an academic discourse system，Be sure to pay attention to the interaction between Buddhist beliefs and grammar and religious beliefs、Interaction between the Buddhist system and the ritual system、The interaction between the daily practice and etiquette of Buddhist beliefs，can highlight the common creation of Buddhist Sinicization as a cultural elite and the public。Next，"Sinicization of Buddhism" is the overall transformation and change of Indian Buddhism，Its achievements are "Chinese Buddhism"，The regional characteristics of Chinese Buddhism are the specific performance of this result。

　　What is Buddhist secularization

The connotation of "secularization" in the context of Western cultural context，It is constantly revealed in the "sacred" question。Release of human nature，is the absence of religious sacred sense; "sacred" is an eternal existence beyond history，Complete heterogeneous with the world (secular)。As Iliad said in the preface of "Saint and World"，"Saint is the world's opposite"。Under this discourse system，Man and God can reconcile，but not one，Not to be converted to each other。，In the tradition of Chinese Buddhism，The sacred Buddha nature and history of life can be united、Can be converted。In the past Buddhist academic research and historical judgment，There are two completely opposite views: one，There are two completely opposite views: one，It has completely violated the Buddha's birthday; the second，Chinese Buddhism does not exist in "secularization"，Because "secularization" is a phenomenon that is only available in divine education，Buddhism is a truth -type religion，In essence, there will be no "secularization" phenomenon。

"Sinicization of Buddhism" is necessary to reveal the characteristics of Chinese Buddhism is "sacred -secular".，Demonstrate the sacredness of Buddhism lies in the "meaning world" of life。Of course，Start from "Life World"，The lack of monks as "religious people" is everyday visible，How to define and understand this lack? This is not only the question of history，It is even more realistic。Under the field of "Buddhism Sinicization"，Social life of monks is not a picture of sacred and secular opposition，Instead, it is in sacred and secular "between"，Going to "Essele bet365 best casino games is Saint"，In this way, it can be implemented and reflected in "life is practice"。

View the East Biography of Buddhism in linear time，"secularization" means that the spread and migration of Buddhism in China is a process that is constantly lost and declining，Compared to the 6th century BC of Buddha and Indian local space，Not only does it have time to "disappear"，More space "long distance"。but，"Buddhism Sinicization" is not "Buddhism in China"，but the explanation of Indian Buddhism through Chinese monks、Creation，rooting into a new form of Buddhism -Chinese Buddhism。If "Buddhism in China" and "Chinese Buddhism" and "Chinese Buddhism" are completely separated，Each emphasis on its subjectivity，It is not a way to do。

The relationship between Indian Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism，Mr. Lu Yan emphasized in the "Specification of the Source of Chinese Buddhism": "Chinese Buddhism is the" grafting 'of Indian Buddhism "，So the root of Chinese Buddhism is in China instead of India。"Mr. Mu Zong San's" Buddha and Prajna "claim that the two are" different development，Not the difference between opposition "。Another，Xu Lihe's masterpiece "Buddhism Conquest China: The Communication and Adaptation of Buddhism in the Early Middle of China in China" was translated in China in 1998，Due to the name of the Chinese translation of Han, the sub -title is not translated，It caused a discussion of "Buddhism conquer China" or "China Conquest Buddhism"。but，The original intention of Xu Li and the so -called "Conquest" refers to the "overcome" various difficulties in the process of spreading and adjusting Buddhism in China，There is no meaning of changing the subjectivity in the Chinese character "conquest"。This book analyzes the conflict and fusion between Buddhism and Chinese class from the perspective of cultural history，and the history that is finally accepted by Chinese society。Buddhism and Confucian politics、Conflict on the Ethics of the Dharma and the Xia Lunar，The final law society can allow the existence of monk groups，This is not only the integration of the ideological level，It is the mutual "overcome" and "integration" between the social organization system。

The relationship between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism is creative transformation and innovative development，Fracture is greater than Polying，It has not moved to opposition; innovation is greater than inheritance，But still preserved the fundamental spirit of the Buddha。So，Cannot explore the relationship between the two with a linear historical view，Do not bet365 best casino games use the theory of "secularization" to locate the development of Chinese Buddhism relative to Indian Buddhism; at the same time，It can not be used to describe the development of Buddhism in China with "secularization" narrative，It is thought that the previous generation will always flourish in contemporary。So，The result of "Sinicization of Buddhism" is "Chinese Buddhism"，This transformation process is the transformation of Buddhism itself as a "subject"，instead of the opposite transformation based on "master -guest"，This avoids whether Buddhism needs "Chineseization"、Whether the Sinicization of Buddhism is a secularization debate。

　　Connotation of "Chineseization of Buddhism" in the whole

Buddhism must take root in the land of China、Development，Ideas must be with the existing Confucianism in China、Taoism and other cultural compatibility，In the belief, it must be integrated with the "Li" culture，The institutional system must be accepted by the kingship，The tolerance and support of the society must be obtained in the propagation，In addition, there must be a booming economy as a support。So，The connotation of "Buddhism Chinese" as an academic discourse system，It is the historical process and laws that explore the transformation of Buddhism from off -domain civilization to Chinese religion，Sort out the stretching and break between Indian Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism、Inheritance and innovation，Examine Buddhism and Chinese Confucianism、Conflict and fusion between Tao culture，From this presenting the interaction between Buddhism and Chinese society。For example，To present the main position of monks in the process of Buddhism in Buddhism，Show the internal and external of the monk group、Sacred and secular、Trink of Disposal and Power，The characteristics of worldwide integration of the process of Buddhism's Sinicization process; at the same time，To avoid a single ethnicization、Sumid localization and secularization interference，Research on the overall research and analysis of layering，The complexity and activity of conceptual conflict and life in the historical process。

In short，"Sinicization of Buddhism" is a great historical experience in the history of human civilization exchanges，Corresponding research requires integrity、Systematically present this process，Therefore, we should pay attention to the different levels of Buddhist culture and Chinese cultural interaction。Social Anthropologist Marinovsky proposed four aspects of culture: material equipment、Spiritual Culture、bet365 live casino games Language、Social Organization，Summary as material culture and spiritual culture，or utensils、Concept、Social System。Buddhism from Buddhism、Method、The three major elements of the monk are looking at，、System、The concept of concept is still not enough to summarize the integrity of Buddhism Sinicization，Change the "utensil" to a wider "life"，It helps to reveal the creative transformation and innovative development of Buddhism's Chineseization，System and Life is the reality of concept。According to the concept、System、Life three ways to inspect the historical process of Chineseization in Buddhism，It can present the concept of "the whole of Buddhism culture" and "the whole of Chinese culture"、System adaptation and life integration。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "History of Social Life of the Chinese Buddhist Monk" (17zda233) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Tsinghua University)