"Four Books" since the beginning of the Song Dynasty，Gradually replaced the "Five Classics" to become Xue Xue，Tongchenly shaped the academic pattern of more than 800 years and the form of science，Especially the classic basis for the construction of Guan Xue, one of the Chinese branch of Song and Ming,。Wish to know，Guan Xue was founded by Zhang Zai, the Northern Song Dynasty，It respects qi learning with ideas、Bow on etiquette and religion in the study style、Pay attention to Performing Performance in terms of purpose、Standard in the pulse of the school, but enjoying the academic community，and in the exchanges of different schools in the history of thought, become a national influence and "independent alcohol is called the world"。"Four Books" as a text basis and support for the constructing of Guanxue，It is not an isolated development，Instead, with the change of the history of the four books in China、Development and continuous evolution、Reconstruction、Academic thoughts formed by the formation of the regional form，Not only the general features of the history of the four books in China，It is also unique and presents the characteristics of regional academic forms，What Gu Yanwu said: "Qin people Mu Jingxue，heavy restaurant，Holding the Qing Dynasty，Saves from him。"The academic characteristics are mainly reflected in the following five aspects。

　　bet365 live casino games Guan Xue "Four Books" learned from Zhang Zai to start，It laid out the evidence、The academic purpose of direct exploration righteousness，This kind of classics is also known as "Learning Studies"。After the gatekeeper, learn to continue this school atmosphere，On the annotation of "Four Books"，works that have almost no evidence，Niu Zhaoyu said: "The harm of Sinology，There is no such a day in Qinzhong。"" Even in the middle of the Qing Dynasty in Qianjiahan,，"" Even in the middle of the Qing Dynasty in Qianjiahan,，The influence of no sinology，Song Xue's freedom to say is extremely obvious。​​As Wang Xinjing said, "Express the scriptures and exaggerate the righteousness，The word of the mud will lose the right purpose。"Liu Guyu also said:" Cover the mud word for training，Do not prove it to justice，Therefore, I ca n’t see this。"Niu Zhaoyuan pointed out:" Scripture trains will make the physical body，Not an apprentice is a sentence of chapters。"" In addition to the aforementioned school tradition，It is also closely related to the lack of the lack of scratching research in Guanzhong area，Because the study requires economy、Book、Publishing and other aspects of support，and the Guanzhong area is extremely lacking in these aspects。First, Guanzhong is basically a society of self -cultivation farmers，Landlord rarely，It is difficult to engage in research on those who are engaged in research like Jiangnan region.。The second is the lack of books。Just as Zhang Weiping, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Weiping's emotion on this embarrassment: "In the past two hundred years，Shaanxi celebrities such as Li Yan、Sun Zhiwei、Li Nianci、Wing Wang Hong、Li Yinsu、Wang Youdan、The complete collection of carnations is not seen，Is it far away? Is it unattended?。Cao Lengquan once pointed out: "The northwest terrain is high，Disaster frequency is still，It is true that scholars are indulging in the cave and ignored real life。"This means，No matter from the external humanities、Geographical Environment，It is still the inner independent and unreasonable school tradition that causes Guan Xue to be separated from training、In addition to the evidence，Always Song Xue。Of course，from Song to Qing，Guanzhong area has been far from the center of the academic stage.。

　　Do not focus on business, despise the production of art."Four Books" since they claim to be the Xiongke Field，The "Four Books" work specially served for the imperial examinations，Learning in Shandong "Four Books" in another regional "Four Books" is based on "business art" as the reference。Guan Xue's "Four Books" learning is just the opposite，The "Four Books" studied by several non -industry -made arts，Only the "Four Book Lectures" of Sun Jinglie in the Qing Dynasty are clearly the work of making art。This is the reason for this，Mainly closely related to the style of Guan Xue。Guan Xuexue always uses "the first person in the world，For the first thing in the world "is the fundamental pursuit，Do not pay attention to the name of the imperial examination，As Lu Nan said, "Just want to do business，Not real。It must be self -sticker of the sages，Fang is a solid ear。"Li Erqu has been repeatedly called by Kangxi，If you are all resigned。Wang Xinjing is also recommended many times，But they all resigned，Zhang Bingzhi just for the purpose of his parents to look for his son.，Only barely should be given，I will not enter after the middle of the middle。Such examples，endless plums，This has also created the Scholars of Guanxue "Multi -Qi Qi，The thickness of the territory，and the knowledgeable person "。Under the direct influence of this atmosphere，Guan Xue Laren's Classics of Studies for Imperial Examinations，Become Guan Xue's "Four Books" with a characteristic side。

　　Tongjing to use and abandon empty talk.Guan Xue Master Zhang Zai Note that "Four Books" most emphasizes the practicality of the classics，That is to experience the practice in the scriptures、Real Road，and use this to observe the use of people to use the day，This is the fundamental purpose of the governance。This is what he said: "My apprentice is full of food all day，Don’t try to justify，。"" Zhang Zai，"Four Books" of the Scholars of the Parisian Scholars all shows this characteristic，Ru Nan said: "Today, people read the scriptures to use the scriptures to doctorate，Unwilling to use it to cure body，That is, if you read a medical book, you still use it to treat your body，Reading the scriptures in this book is not the same "，another says: "Express intimate。Not discipline for training。"Here，Lu Nan used anti -criticism to highlight the purpose of governing the classics.。Four Kuoguan ministers pointed out when evaluating their "Four Books": "Most of the" Four Books "proved to be a bow，See the facts。"Wang Xinjing also pointed out:" Gai Sizi Book is different from his book，Originally the words of the four sages experience experience。If you don’t know how to do it for the end，Therefore, we must be reasonable，It must be implemented as the first real law。"Such example，endless plums。This can be visible，People in Guanxue interpret "one word, one sentence，All the words of the experience "，Really use scriptures as a way of life。This confirms the accuracy of the discussion of "Guanzhong Old Multi -Student Study".。I want，Guan Xue's "Four Books" learns both the Tao Zhu，In turn, it also boosted and strengthened the formation of this style and strong。

　　Either portal, Huitong School.The "portal" mentioned here mainly refers to the various factions in the Confucian door，instead of referring to release、Old。Guan Xue always upholds the academic attitude of Chong Zhengzheng and wicked evil，That is to say，The interpretation of their purpose of treating the purpose is different、The old attitude is exclusive，and the attitude towards Confucianism is compatible with compatibility package。Liang Qichao once pointed out: "Although the students of the Guanzhong scholar set up，However, it is given to the award of foreign scholars to persuade the truth。"Liang's remarks。Zhang Zai interprets "Four Books"，It is a wide range of quotes，To relieve myself，Lu Dalin is even more merging、Luo two，This can be directly confirmed from his explanation of "benevolence"。such as，Although Lu Nan learns Zhang Zai、Zhu Zi，But the Yangming Heart Study is based on public heart，Even when it is maliciously slandered，Don’t fear power，Striving Righteousness。Another example，Feng Congwu also expressed concerns about the portal，He said, "As soon as you speak，It's really dare not speak。"also said," Confucius and Mencius，The Confucianism has their own gains and losses，Can't be the same，It is a shortcoming length in the scholar，Do not cover the flames to cover the ears。"Later in the Qing Dynasty Li Erqu pointed out more specifically:" Different Zhu Different Lu，Differences on the discussion，All worry about the ancients。Today and do not have to be different from Zhu Lu，Must be the same as yourself，Try to rebel self -survey，Starting thoughts on weekdays，and the words what you do and what you read and read，Different? The same is the person on the road to learn，Zun Zhu Yilu can also，Take Lu House Zhu can also be taken;，Take Lu House Zhu is not。Just by yourself，Mo Guan someone else。"" From above，Li Erqu treats science、Heart learning does not advocate respect for one，It is not advocated to respect both phases，Not advocating both phases abolition，Instead, you need to deal with the gains and losses of the two fairly，Fusion of each other，Rescue positive supplement。From this，His disciples summarize his academic summary: "Better folding，Hui Luo Luo Guan Min、River Hui、Yao Jing and merge into a family。”

　　"Mind" interpretation, which is independent.Zhang Zai Shi Jing's original "mind -understanding" method，It is intended to surpass the limitation of the text and sentences，Pay attention to sincere realization，Pay attention to the inherent understanding of the interpreter himself，instead of the text itself，Emphasize "self -discussion，Self -expression new meaning，Independence new saying，Self -Access System "，Active color。This "main theory interpretation" method is the path of Zhu Zi's so -called "reasoning in the language"，instead of "reasonable in the scripture" method。Later Wang Shu's notes in "Four Books" also respect for Zhang Zai's proposition，He said, "Don't have to pass a note，You must not believe it，Test it with the heart。"Here，The principle of interpretation established by Wang Shu's interpretation principle is exactly the same as the method of "mental understanding" of Zhang Zai。Wang Xutai strongly respects Zhang Zai's "Mind" method，He said: "Zhang Zi said:‘ Keep your heart，If you do n’t think, you will still stuff it。’Gai people’ s merit and open heart，The body recognizes the shallow depth，Views are right and wrong，Discussion has gains and losses，Do not fake。One person has one person to recognize，and a moment of insight、Discussion，It is not strong because it is not strong。""，Wang Xutai also emphasizes the subjective role of self -commentary scriptures，That is, it is impossible to be trapped by the scriptures，Emphasize the real realization of the inner heart。I want，The method of "understanding" created by Zhang Zai is exactly the echo of the "Lesson Studies" led by it，Creative Laurea，Under the wave of learning after the doorkeeper，The iconic symbol of the study of the "Four Books" of Guanxue，"Family similarity" of the continuity of regional academic and academic purpose shows。Therefore, Xu Jiayan, a scholar of the early Qing Dynasty, pointed out: "Northwest Chongpu Xue，Southeast Shanghua Mi。Park Xuebi Puxin，Hua Mi -man is an ear。This fixing gas，Human sentiment is also compound。"" ""。

In short,，Compared with other regional academic forms，Guan Xue's inner original and outward display is more "thought"，instead of panic culture。Correspondingly，Its "Four Books" studies are undoubtedly a model of the regional school "Four Books"，Especially for the purpose of presented and developed the history of the four books in the four books of China，Study system that becomes a unique academic character。

　　(The author is the person in charge of the State Social Science Fund Project "Guan Xue Four Book Studies"、Professor of the Department of Philosophy of Shaanxi Normal University、Doctor of Philosophy of East China Normal University)