The ethnic system is a human parent organization and related system，Including patriarchal、relatives of the maternity、Surnamed name、Family clan and its related system。It is an important content in traditional history，The category of "Li"，It is also a contemporary cultural anthropology、Folklore、Topics that Sociology and History are concerned。There is Zhang Taiyan who conducted research earlier for "ethnic system"，He sets a "ethnic system" at a glance in "Book"。Lu Siqian published "The History of the Country" in 1932，Also listed the "ethnic system" chapter，I believe that the system of ethnic system is a system of blood relatives，Including surnames of the same surname and marriage，Two organizations of differentiation of clan and surnames。Basic questions that the ethnic system is concerned，It is an important perspective of inspecting and understanding ancient society。

　Bet365 app download In the early days of ancient Chinese society。Wang Guowei pointed out in the "Yin Zhou System Theory": "On the occasion of Yin Zhou, a 'old system is abandoned and the new system is promoted、The era of old culture is abolished and new culture. "There are three changes to the abolition: one said the system of Li Zi Li，from the system of raw grain and funeral; the second is the system of temple numbers; the third says that the same surname is not married。"The change of the Yin Zhou system Wang's said，Mainly on the content of the ethnic system。

The change of the ethnic system is a slow process of long -term period，But in the Qin and Han dynasties, there were obvious changes in the factors。The academic community also noticed the change of "weekly" and "Qin system"。Lu Simian pointed out that there was a change from the Qin and Han dynasties from the "ancestral law" to the "household law"，Point out: "Qin、There were ancestors in the Han Dynasty，Qin Waste feudal，Acts and laws are abolished，Xiao He Ding's "Nine Chapter"，It becomes a household method。The Dharma is based on the sect，Household method is based on households。"Deng Ziqin will start Bet365 app download from the" Gate Valve Age "from the Eastern Han Dynasty，Corresponding to the "Acts of the Division" in the past。晁 Fulin reviews for a long time theory，It is believed that Qin unification marks the end of the "clan era" and the beginning of "editing the Qi Min era"。The social changes in the various homes also occur in the ethnic system，Related to the inheritance of the old and new system。Needless doubt，Qin and Han is another major change era of the new and old family system and the relationship between relatives since the Zhou Dynasty，The research of the Han Dynasty system has important academic significance。

The content of the study of the Qin Han nationality，It should be considered from four aspects。A consciousness and relative group。Three tries for Qin and Han dynasties、The awareness of the nine tribe is not specifically referring to the patriarchal clan，At the same time, it also contains the concept of foreign pro -parent。Rights sharing of the noble class，Foreign Acts are a group that cannot be ignored，The practice of punishment also often involves wives and mothers。The aristocratic characteristics of the clan and its evolution。The characteristics of the Qin and Han nobles are to transform from the food seal noble to the clan of the scholars，This also affects the changes of the clan，The clan organization has the characteristics of the "semi -official office"。Active law activities and clan system。The ancestral law began to move down，Tomb Temple sacrifice ancestor、mutual assistance in the tribe、Official repairs are the main content of the Qin and Han Division activities。Nv and dynasty politics、Qin and Han Society。Family in the ethnic system and daily life，Concepts of Fa Dharma、The impact of ethnic consciousness on the Han Dynasty system，Location and property inheritance system、Foreign Key Capital Politics、The formation of the formation of the local family of the family。

Except for the ethnic system，You can also use the perspective of the ethnic system，To explore some incidents and characters in the Qin and Han dynasties，Then "old problem" will have new discoveries。For example，From the inheritance of Qin and Han dynasties to see Qin Shihuang's Li，From the surname、The bet365 Play online games title system inspects into a cricket、The mother of the child and the wife of Qin Shihuang，The identity of the belonging system and the "Taizu" of Liu Hehai's faint "Taizu" and the meaning of "Da Liu Ji Seal" and its non -word marks，The Queen Mother of the Warring States Period and the Queen Mother of the Warring States Period was seen by the Three Topics、舅 擅 擅 擅，etc.。

　"The Qin Qin Hu Ye" and Hu Hai's mother.Pre -Qin period，The woman is called the surname and the man is called。Family from the surname，Dest the way to many ways。The surname is a clan，Family as the sect;，and Family changes impermanence。Qin and Han surnames、Family One，At that time, go to ancient times，Some ancient winds still retain the name of the last name。Sima Qian said in "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang" and said Qin Wangzheng's "Surname Zhao"，It is Zhao family with the surname of Queen Mother Zhao (Qin Han's literature is generally called Qin Shihuang as Zhao Zheng or Qin Wangzheng，Few is called "Zhengzheng")，The principle of "the ancients gave birth to surnames" ("On Heng · Submare"); "Gao Zu Benji" called Han Gaozu Liu Bang as "Liu's Liu's"，With Liu Tai's father's surname。Qin Wangzheng from the aristocracy maintained the old tradition of taking the family，Liu Bang, who is born in the people, uses a new principle of unity of surnames。

With the surname of the mother，It is also the reason for Qin Shihuang's "surname Zhao"。Surname Zhao，It's just Qin Shihuang himself，Do not inherit it，Do not continue，excluding his previous generation and next generation，Brothers of the same mother and father，No Zhao Zichu、Zhao Chengzheng or Zhao Fusu、The title of Zhao Huhai，Different from their mother -in -law。With the surname of the mother，That is, with the family of the foreign family or the surname of the uncle，As the "Yue Jueshu" stated，Emperor Qin Shi "called Zhao Zheng，politics，Zhao Waigong "，Is the surname of the Mi as the family。

Discovery of the "Zhao Zhengshu" of the Western Han Bamboo Book of Peking University and the "Qin II Yuan Nian Document" in Qin Jian, Rabbit Mountain，Qin Shihuang's Li and Hu Hai's successor has become a hot spot in academic research。Qin Shihuang's tradition of Qin Youyi and the Queen Mother's Governance before Qin bet365 Play online games Shihuang，What is the background of the mother of the Qin II? This is an indispensable question in the study of Hu Hai and Qin Shi，But the lack of direct historical materials is difficult to make progress。However, starting from the name of the surname to the ethnic system，There will be a new research field。

"Hu Hai" is the name or name? People often do not investigate。From the convention of the Qin room nobles at the time，II is called "Hu Hai"，The meaning of "Zhao Zheng" with the Emperor of the Emperor (the literature also "Zhao Zheng") is the same meaning。In the "Zhao Zhengshu", the Emperor of the Emperor "Qin King Zhao Zheng"，Known as "Qin Wang Hu Hai"。"Qin Wang Zhao Zheng"，Zhao Weishi，It is the name。Similarly，"Qin Wang Hu Hai" Hu also is also the family，Hai as the name。The emperor's surname Hu Family，Sometimes people are recognized as evidence。Qin Shi's famous 谶，The so -called "Hu"，Qin Shihuang thought it was Hu Ren in the north，Therefore, Meng Tian sent 300,000 troops to "hit the North Hu"; and after the Qin died, the Han people believed that it should be on Hu Hai。"Historical Records · Qin Shihuang Benji" collection quote Zheng Xuan said: "Hu，Hu Hai，Qin II name also。Qinjian Book，I don’t know this is a name，Candidate Beihu。"Zheng Xuan said" Hu Hai "is" human name "，To be precise, it should be called "family name" or "name"，"Hu" refers to the last name。There are two words in the two Han Dynasty.，卯 卯 德 天 天 "，Twelve is the term "，"卯" and "Batuzi" refers to the last name，refers to the surname of "Liu",，"Gongsun" as king。

Why is Hu Hai's surname Hu? Of course it is the surname of the mother，Like his father Zhao Zheng, Zhao's，That is, his mother is Hu Ji of Qin Shihuang。The source flow of the surname Hu，According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records of Chen Qishijia" and "Shiben"，The beard princes from Hu He and the name of the surname of the surname。These two Hu family are the ancient surnames of the Central Plains，It is unlikely that it is likely to marry the Qin royal family west。Still according to the ""，Qin people believe that it is the Hu regime，The Han people believe that it is Hu Hai, the surname Hu，Actually, both may be available，That is Hu Hai's mother Hu Ji，Both surname Hu Family，is the daughter of the bet365 best casino games Hu people。In the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin Xiangong married the Rong Fox Ji、Xiao Rongzi、骊，All are race。Jinwen Gongzhi's fox hair、Fox 偃 is "Fox" as the clan。The "Fox" of the Spring and Autumn Period and the "Hu" of the Warring States Period，It should be the general name of the Qin -Jin Kingdoms to the Rongdi family。Qin Liguo West，The vulgarity of Zongdi Di，Since the Warring States Period, the Qin family has not only married Chu Kingdom，Also with Rongjun's marriage custom。Qin Shihuang’s grandmother's grandmother Xuan Queen，Zeng lived with King Yiqu and gave birth to a child，This is the intermarriage between Hu Yan and Qin people。Qin Guo people and Hu people are also common，Qin Lu has been in Qin、The identity of Hutong's wedding was defined。"Legal Answers": "What is" Xia Zi "?，Qin mother is 殹 (also)。"Press Qin Law，Mother Qin Ren、Father Min Hui who serves Qin，They have a "Xia Zi" identity of "Xia Zi"。Qin Daidi destroy the six kingdoms，Qin Wang Zheng's women's governments in various countries are placed in the harem，Naturally, Hu Nu，They will have children。

Hu Ji is speculated by the daughter of the Hu national，It can also be seen from Hu Hai’s mother education background。"New Preface · Miscellaneous Things" records the story of Hu Hai's childhood: "Qin II Hu Haizhi is a son also，Kun brother countless people，诏 诏 臣 臣，Call Zhuzi，Zhu Son gives food，First,。Hu Hai all regards the ministers，Chen Luoshi good，Go for defeat for the line。Those who heard the sons，No interest。"Hu Hai's behavior is quite worthy of fun。Hu Hai is educated in the palace after entering school，"Zhao Gao taught Hu Haishu and the Law of Prison" ("Historical Records of Qin Shihuang")，It should be the rules of the legalist "the division of the monarchs and ministers"，I won't be chaotic。Education of children in the Qin people and children of the Central Plains，Generally entering the "Primary School" at the age of seven or eight，Fifteen years old entering "University"，About twenty years old, adult gift。Sometimes or late or early，Qin Wang Zhao Zheng held the crown ceremony at the age of 22。So Hu Hai defeated Chen Lu's move，It should be his manifestation when he entered court education as a child。

bet365 live casino games Hu Hai's defeat Chen Luzhi is very weird，Winds of non -Qin people and the six kingdoms。Sitting on the floor of Qin and Central Plains，Shoe socks for home entry，Sitting or kneeling，Naturally, we want to leave shoes under the outdoor step，This is a living habit，Although children also think of it。Hu people live in the dome，旃 Qiu boots，"Take off the hat" is the gift of praying for the Huns。If it is a child born in Hufeng's living environment，The first time I attended Qin's court banquet，I found that so many shoes are arranged together，I will feel novel and interesting，The fun and manner of making the shoes is very natural。The Qin and Han Dynasties of the Warring States Period，The princes and nobles married women still maintain the tradition of ministers and foreign servants.，After marrying the husband's house, it still retains the original lifestyle and habit，Young children basically live with their mother's original customs with their mother's original customs in the pre -school school。Also known as "referring to the deer as a horse" and "bundle the puppet as a preserved" allusions，can also explain this situation。Pan Yue's "Western Expedition" has "Wild Poispanis becomes preserved，Yuanluhua thinks horse "sentence，Model Qin II's ignorance。Central Plains Duoyuli，Beihoda。Pu grows up in the pond，"Said": "Pu，Aquatic grass，You can do a seat。"Sitting on the floor is the living habit of the Huaxia people。Beneper、Deer is a common thing in the Central Plains，while riding and meat preserved is the daily life of northern nomadic peoples，The two are similar, but they are not real，North and South suspension。Qin Ting's ministers will not distinguish between horse deer、Polyza does not distinguish，Zhao Gao just verified whether they obey themselves，However, Hu Hai is really puzzled。"When this is，King Qin cannot confident its straight eyes，and from the words of the evil minister。Deer and Horse Different shape，The knowledge of everyone also。But it cannot be right and wrong，Is it a matter of ambiguity? "Hu Hai is not foolish，Why can't I confidently see what they see，Paper、Deer cognitive doubts? Zhao Gao knows Hu Hai very well，I know that bet365 best casino games he has lived in Hu's mother's house since childhood，Pu for Central Plains、Deer recognition limited，Zhao Gao refers to the deer as a horse、Beneper is a preserved，Targeting Hu Hai。

If Hu Hai’s mother Hu Ji is the Hu Nu of the Hu tribe，Then the Hu people who understand the Qin people who understand the Qin Zhi can also be established，The son of Hu Ji of the Hu nationality destroyed the Qin Dynasty。

Back to the level of the ethnic system，Many seemingly irrelevant historical facts，There are related factors。Against three，Why does the ancient China be homogeneous，How to influence the politics of the dynasty，Why does the aristocratic clan organization also be civilized and affects the lives of the people? These can be found from the ethnic research clue to the truth。From this can be said，Ethnic system research deepen our understanding of ancient society。

　　(The author is the person in charge of the "Han Dynasty Ethnic System Research" of the National Social Science Foundation Project、Professor of China Social History Research Center of Nankai University)