Warring States text is collectively referred to as Chinese characters used in different regions during the Warring States Period，Refers to Qi before the end of the spring and autumn to Qin、Yan、Korean、Zhao、Wei、Chu、Texts used by Qin and other countries。On the Word of the Warring States Period, Cheng Chengqiu Golden Text，Qin and Han Dili，It is in an important transitional link in the history of Chinese characters。

Due to the "Seven Heroes" in the Warring States Period，Not unified in the king，Therefore, "text alien" has been regarded as a major feature of the text of the Warring States Period。Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Speaking Words and Syrian Syria" has made this view，It still affects deep Guang。Division of the Word of the Warring States Period is based，to Qin、Chu、Jin、Yan、Qi "Five Series Theory" is formed on the basis of Xu Shen's statement。Division of the Word of the Warring States Period is basically the side of the text "Alien" that emphasizes the text of various departments，Most of its "same shape" side is ignored，Therefore, it is easy to cause the words "alien" of the Warring States text to be more than "the same shape"。

Some scholars have questioned the words "Alien" of the Warring States Period，I believe that the difference between the words of the Warring States Period is not much different，It is still unified in general。For example，Mr. Li Yunfu pointed out in "The" Regional Features "of the Warring States Period": "The difference between the other country's text country is a local writing style or individual character character.，From the essential characteristics and overall,，The text of the Warring States Period is still an inseparable complete system。"" If you don't care about the variant，Most of the Chinese text is ‘the same or similar’ ‘。Compared to the heterogeneous characters in the Han Dynasty and the heterogeneous characters in the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties，The heterogeneous phenomenon of heterogeneous heterogeneous between the words of the Warring States Period is nothing。"But this kind of opinion failed to attract enough attention。With the increase in text materials of the Warring States Period，In -depth research，The academic community gradually discovered，The degree of alienity of the Warring Bet365 lotto review States text is not particularly serious，"Books and the same text" is still the mainstream。

Comparison of the Five -Serial Forms of the Warring States Period 

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If you want to objectively explain the extent of the alien of the Warring States text，First of all，Otherwise, it will be easy to talk to people。We think，The following three aspects need to be clear。

Each department has the premise of this word to compare the similarities and similarities。Although the text of the Warring States Period is divided into Qin、Chu、Jin、Yan、Qi Five Series，But the five -series text materials are not equal，Not every word can be found in the five series text materials。If there is no corresponding glyphs in a certain text，It will not be able to complete the different similar comparison。For example, the word "Emperor" is only seen in Qin、Chu、Jin Third Series，The writing is basically the same，but Qi、The word of the two departments of Yan see this word，It is impossible to judge the similarities and differences in the "Emperor" in the five series text; the word "Chen" is seen in the five series，Writing is generally the same，It can be directly determined that the five -system glyphs are the same。Therefore，To examine the differences between the text of the Warring States Period should first start with the premise of the words and materials of the five -series text，Based on this statistics, the heterogeneous body during it，Then calculate the alien situation of the entire Warring States text at the ratio。

Different writing should not be included in the scope of text in different areas。Different writing is mainly reflected in the level of strokes，Different songs of strokes and different connection positions，and whether there is a pen and other aspects。Different writing does not involve changes in the principle of structure，It should not be used as a judgment criterion for differences in the text area。Whether it is the Oracle of the Shang Dynasty or the Western Zhou Golden Wing，Even the custom of writing in later generations，This kind of alien writing is all，We can’t take Oracle accordingly、Jinwen、Vulgar characters are divided into different zones。Different writing in the Warring States Period is the same，For example，"Up" and "down" in the text of the Five Series of the Warring States Period has the same shape as the current writing，and Chu、Jin、Qi San Department can also see the author, such as """ (Shang Boqi · Wuwang Performance (Zuò) 2), ""(" Ancient Seal Compilation "3679),""(Tsinghua 2nd · 97) and""" ("Zhenqinzhai bet365 Play online games Tibetan Seal (Warring States Pian)" 12); other different writing situations also have different strokes such as """ (cursed Chuwen Asian Camel) and ""(Zhongshan Wang Fang pot);"(Sleeping Tiger Qin Jian · Japanese Book B 248) and""" (Tsinghua 1 · Ye Ye 12)。This kind of different writing may be different from the scholar、Different related to writing materials，with greater subjectivity and randomness，The difference between the formation of its formation is not enough to constitute the cognitive obstacles of the text，Therefore, it should not be included in the statistical scope of the Warring States text alien。

The differences in text within each department should not be accumulated into the alien shape of different regions。There are different degrees of glyphs and use differences in each district department of the Warring States Period，But these differences are not the difference between the text level of the entire Warring States Period，It should not be added together and included in the scope of the alien of the Warring States Period。For example，The "discipline" in the Warring States Period has "disciples" and ""(tú) two kinds of alien，Among them, "discipline" is found in the five series，“"" is Chu，It is only seen in Shangbo Jian's "Use Yue";"" (qì), two kinds of exotic, "device" is found in the five series, """ is Chu，Seen only in Cao Jiagong。By analysis，The main glyphs of the Warring States Period "Acts" and "Instrument" are "disciplinary" and "device"，Five Series Writing the same，Although the two have their own foreign body "”“”，But only in Chu Department，Between the main glyphs can only be regarded as the difference in the internal use of the Chu system，It should not be regarded as an alien in the district system。Another，As far as the current unearthed literature materials are concerned，“”“"" Only once appeared，Similar to this low -frequency foreign character is more common in the text of the Warring States Period，Maybe the source of manuscripts、Bookman habit、Different related occasions。China currently、Japan、Chinese characters used in South Korea have a large number of alien characters，But these puzzles may bet365 best casino games not belong to the same time level in their respective Chinese characters，Even if it belongs to the same level, it is at a normal redundant range，It does not affect the actual text use。Therefore，This kind of alien should not be counted as the alien of Chinese characters in various countries，The alien situation of various regions in the Warring States Period is similar to this。

Re -recognition of the Warring States text alien 

Clarify the statistical bet365 best casino games standard of the Warring States text "Alien"，We can re -statistics on the "alien" of the existing Warring States Five Series text。We think，"Alien" and "Difference in Words" should be used as the main inspection object of the Warring States text alien。

Alien characters are the main embodiment of the Warring States text alien。Mr. Huang Dekuan edited、Xu Zaiguo and other husbands edited by Mr. Warring States Text Form，It is currently the latest book glyphs of the Warring States Period。Qin every word of each word of this book、Chu、Jin、​​Qi、Swallow Five Series Form，Provides convenience for statistical glyphs。In the "Graphic Table of the Warring States Period", there are 255 cases with corresponding glyphs in the five departments，Among them，accounting for about 66.7%。This part of the glyph can be divided into two cases: First, the five -series glyphs are exactly the same，No heterogeneous，For example: "King", "Shang", "Cow", "Mouth", "Ji", "Ten", etc.，121 cases in total; the second is that the five -series text has the same glyphs，But at the same time there are other vitro in some systems，49 cases in total，such as "one", "弌" (yī) and ""(yī) three kinds of alien，Among them, five departments have "one" shape，"弌" is only found in Qin、Chu Two Series，“"" "Only in the Chu Department and Jin Department，Under the word "缶"，Five Series See "缶" shape，But Chu is more than him(fǒu) Three kinds of aliens。This can be seen，This part of the five series has the same shape of the same shape.，The difference between the department is extremely small，Even if there are other aliens，Most of them are only seen in individual systems，low frequency。

Except for the above five systems with the same glyphs，Others and 85 cases are mostly visible to the four series、The three systems have the same shape，But no case of five series glyphs is different，That is, there are four -series glyphs under 39 cases，such as "vertical" (shù) with the foreign body "vertical" and ""(shù), where" vertical "is found in the Qin line,""" See Chu、Jin、​​Qi、Yan Fourth Series; 36 cases have the same glyphs under the three series，such as "riding" (qí) with foreign body "riding" and ""(qí)，Among them, "riding" is found in Qin、​​Qi、Yan III，“"" See Chu、Jin two departments; the remaining 10 cases have the same glyphs in the same shape，Three of the exotic "faith" "letter" "letter" under the word "letter""(xìn) and""(xìn) are all seen in two series。Although the above does bet365 best casino games not belong to the same situation of the five series glyphs，But the use of the same glyphs between the departments also reflects the side of the Warring States text "Same"。

What needs to be explained is，"Warring States Text Format" except for the shape of the glyph，Most of them will list the foreign body columns under each department，Alien -headed head。The classification statistics of the glyphs are also roughly based on the classification of this word，But stricter than，For example，"", "person", "horse" and other phase -shaped shapes caused by simplified or 讹 讹，Words are not distinguished，But we still categorize at a higher degree of similarity，Not directly attributed to the five -series glyph -like type。Another，Components that do not involve the structure of structure are increased or decreased，We also do different treatment，If there is a glyph of the decoration of the "mouth" as "after", "and", "C", etc.，All kinds of other types。So，The classification statistics of the same glyphs of the five systems of the Warring States Period are relatively conservative，Even so，The statistical results are still more based on the prefix with the same glyphs in the five systems。Therefore, it can be said，The same degree of text of the five lines of the Warring States Period is much higher than the degree of difference。

Differences in words are also an important manifestation of the alien of the Warring States Period。The so -called "use word"，That is which word is used as a word in Chinese，Sometimes the words expressed in different regions of the Warring States Period are not the same，Sometimes many different glyphs can often represent the same word。Since the 1980s，The academic community has gradually realized that the differences in words in the text of the Warring States Period should also belong to the content of the text，and the increasingly abundant unearthed literature materials also provide possible for the inspection of various characters of the Warring States Department with words.。The book "Research on the Phenomenon of Difference between words between the texts of various departments in the Warring States Period in the Warring States Period"，It is a representative work in this field of research。The book uses words as the outline，A total of 381 words，Due to the situation of multiple words under the head of the standing word，Therefore, more than 400 groups of characters in the Warring States Department are actually inspected.，More comprehensive、Systematically studied the differences in word use of the five systems of the Warring States Period。Last，This book bet365 live casino games summarizes this，I believe that the use of words in the Warring States Period is subject to obvious geographical restrictions，The differences in words between bet365 Play online games the texts of each department are more obvious。In addition，Mr. Zhou Bo also counted the ancient text of the ancient text of "Said"、The proportion of the ancient text of the three -body stone meridian and the Qin text is 19.8%and 18.6%，Accordingly, the importance of the differences between the use of words in the Warring States Period to the text of the Warring States Period is of alien。

Differential phenomenon in words deserves attention，But the five systems of the Warring States Period can not be ignored。Mr. Zhou Bo also pointed out in his work: "If you do not care about the differences of different body characters，The same side of the countries in various countries still dominate。"According to the" List of Differences in Different Districts in different areas in different areas "，It can be clearly seen that there is the same side in the ties。For example, the five systems use "stomach" to express the "predicate"，"厶" uses "厶" to indicate the "private" of public and private。Although most of the heads do not have the five systems under the head，But there are also situations with the same words in the depths。Ru auspicious "Xiang"，Qin uses the word "Xiang" and "Sheep"，Chu characters are "sheep", "羕" (yàng "(yàng) and" 恙 "，Use words as "Xiang"，Jin uses characters as "sheep" and "羕"，Yan did not see examples，You can see that the use of the ties is not completely consistent，But more than one series uses "sheep", "羕", "Xiang"。Another，The use of words between the system is also quite unbalanced，For example，"SUì)，Qin only see a word "祟"，Chu can see "敚" (duó)、"祱" (shuì)、“"(suì) and" 祟 "，Qi、Jin、Yan San Department did not see the right to the application。Qin、Chu has the same word，Although Chu Department has multiple different uses，but only the internal internal，It is not reflected in the system，Therefore, when inspecting the differences between the use of words in the department, you also need to pay attention not to directly attribute different uses in the system.。

Qin during the Warring States Period、Chu、Jin、Yan、Although there are certain differences between the texts of Qifu five series，But because of the same source，All Oracle in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties、Golden Wen, etc.，So the main body is still the same。Another，From the perspective of the various Warring States text materials unearthed，The same glyphs between bet365 Play online games the texts of each department still account for the vast majority，Different words and different use habits only account for a minority，"Books and Tongwen" is still the mainstream of the development of Chinese characters during the Warring States Period。other，From the actual perspective of words，Frequent exchanges between countries during the Warring States Period，Foreign Diplomacy is widely used，But no examples that need to be read or translate to recognize，This is enough to show that the "text alien" of this period has not shaken the status of common Chinese characters，There is still a common Chinese character reading and writing habit between the districts and departments。

(The author is the chief expert of the National Social Science Fund's major project "Warring States Period Research Big Data Cloud Platform Construction"、Professor of the Department of Chinese Literature and Literature at Sun Yat -sen University; Ph.D.