The peace and security of the African continent is not only related to the stability and development of bet365 champions league，And it’s about world peace and progress，Therefore, it has always received strong attention from African countries and the international community。How to observe the peace and security situation in bet365 champions league、Observing the heat of peace and security in bet365 champions league，And then grasp the characteristics of peace and security issues in bet365 champions league，has always been a hot issue in academic circles。The author’s perspective from the barometer and observation station，Talk about understanding of peace and security issues in bet365 champions league。“One corner, one lake and one edge” refers to the Horn of bet365 champions league、Abbreviation for the Great Lakes Region and the Sahel，Because these three regions are frequent sites of armed conflicts in bet365 champions league，is a hot topic of international media attention。

　　bet365 champions league corner:Blow the "horn" of bet365 champions league's security warning

The Horn of bet365 champions league is located in northeastern bet365 champions league、South coast of the Gulf of Aden，It is only separated from the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula by a narrow Red Sea。In the traditional sense，This area mainly includes Djibouti、Eritrea、The four countries of Ethiopia and Somalia，In a broad sense, it also includes Sudan、South Sudan，And has close regional security interactions with neighboring countries such as Kenya and Uganda。The Horn of bet365 champions league looks like a bull’s horn on the map，hence the name。African scholars believe，Due to the special geographical location and geopolitical importance of this area，Its security and stability can sound a "clarion call" for security warning for the entire African continent。The security issues in the Horn of bet365 champions league have therefore always attracted the attention of the international community and international security experts。

During the Cold War，The Horn of bet365 champions league has become an important arena for the United States and the Soviet Union to compete for hegemony，Especially at the end of the Cold War，The number of “proxy wars” and other armed conflicts that have broken out in the Horn of bet365 champions league has surged。Since the 1990s，With the end of the Cold War and the fading out of Western powers，The Horn of bet365 champions league is trapped in a power vacuum，Becoming one of the most unsafe areas in the world。The "2018 Conflict Barometer" released by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research in Germany in 2019 shows，Armed conflicts in sub-Saharan bet365 champions league are mainly concentrated in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of bet365 champions league，Among them，Frequent armed conflicts in the Horn of bet365 champions league。

On the whole，The security issues in the Horn of bet365 champions league present three major characteristics。First，Inter-ethnic conflicts and national civil wars continue。Because the European colonialists ignored the facts、Arbitrary demarcation of colonial borders in the Horn of bet365 champions league，For the ethnic conflicts in the Horn of bet365 champions league countries after independence、Border disputes and other issues raise hidden dangers。1998 to 2000，War breaks out between Ethiopia and Eritrea over border dispute，This war caused huge casualties in both Ethiopia and Eritrea，But border disputes still exist，In the next 20 years，The two countries still remain hostile，Small-scale armed conflicts often break out over border jurisdiction。Until July 2018 under the mediation of Gulf countries，Ethiopia and Eritrea signed the "Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship"，Restore diplomatic relations。The long-term tensions in Sudan and the spread of the civil war in South Sudan still hinder regional stability and development。Military coup in Sudan in April 2019，President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown，The military council then took power，However, there was tension between Sudan’s main opposition alliance and the Military Council，And there is still the possibility of armed conflict in the border areas between North and South Sudan。The civil war in South Sudan continues to affect the entire Horn of bet365 champions league region，Especially the stability of neighboring Sudan poses a great threat。Since the armed conflict between the Dinka and Nuer people in South Sudan in December 2013, which triggered the civil war，The struggle for power and oil wealth among various parties within South Sudan has caused the displacement of a large number of people，In a serious humanitarian crisis。

Secondly，The breeding of terrorism and extremist organizations。Somalia borders the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean，Located on the world-famous trade route，The strategic position is very important。Due to long-term civil war and continued unrest，Somalia has been in a state of anarchy or weak government since 1991，This led to the wanton plundering of Somali pirates and the growth and spread bet365 champions league extremist organization "Al-Shabaab"。Somalia’s “Al-Shabaab” originated from the anti-government armed organization “Union of Islamic Courts”，Developed into an extremist organization related to Al Qaeda，Declare the establishment of "Greater Somalia"。Currently，The organization’s terrorist attacks occurred across the border、Cross-region、The trend of frequent occurrences and localization of terrorists，Causing a large number of innocent casualties at home and abroad。

AGAIN，Increased involvement of foreign military forces。In recent years，The military intervention of foreign countries has made the Horn of bet365 champions league one of the most militarized regions in the world，The Horn of bet365 champions league has become a new point of contention for regional competition among global powers。And the Middle Eastern countries are not far behind，Become an important participant in military and security affairs in the Horn of bet365 champions league。Middle Eastern countries compete for allies in the Horn of bet365 champions league、“Proxy War” and “Port Politics”，Through financial diplomacy and the establishment of military ports，Starting a security strategic game in the Horn of bet365 champions league，Spillover of hot issues in the Middle East to the Horn of bet365 champions league，Complicating the security landscape in the Horn of bet365 champions league。

　　bet365 champions league Lake:The “powder keg” that triggered successive years of war in bet365 champions league

"The Great Lakes Region" is a collective name for the areas around and adjacent to several major freshwater lakes distributed in series from north to south in the East African Rift Valley，specifically including those located in Lake Victoria、Lake Tanganyika、Lake Albert、Lake Edward、Kenya within the Lake Kivu Basin、Tanzania、Uganda、Burundi、Congo (DRC)、South Sudan and other countries。The Great Lakes region is located on the Nile River、Congo River、Several major Zambezi river basins and the Horn of bet365 champions league、The intersection of the hinterland of the Swahili coast，Is the crossroads of the African interior。Convenient location advantages and abundant water resources make the Great Lakes region one of the most densely populated areas in bet365 champions league，All belong to Bantu people、Nile people、Hundreds of ethnic groups from the four major races of Nile-Semites and Sudanese live here。Surrounding the Lake District lies Kampala、Kisumu、Mwanza、Kigoma、Bujumbura、Kigali and other important towns。In the colonial frenzy of carving up bet365 champions league in modern times，The Great Lakes region has become a fierce battleground for Western powers，It is not only the overlapping area of ​​the C-C Plan (Cairo-Cape Town) planned by the British to connect North and South bet365 champions league and the S-S Plan (Senegal-Somalia) formulated by France to connect the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts of bet365 champions league，Also Germany、Belgium is the main battlefield to realize the "grand ambition" of the African colonial empire。

Since the late 19th century，The Great Lakes region that was carved up and "effectively occupied" by European powers，has become the direct extension and epitome of the European multi-polar balance of power in bet365 champions league。In order to maintain its own advantages and pass on local conflicts in the multi-polar competitive landscape，European powers not only delineated colonial boundaries arbitrarily in the Great Lakes region according to their own interests，And vigorously promote the "low-cost" "one-for-one rule" policy。These measures artificially interrupt the natural integration process of the original local ethnic groups，The hierarchical relationship between ethnic groups was deliberately constructed within the colony to cater to the will of the colonizers，The original differences and contradictions between ethnic groups are catalyzed by the introduction of European factors，It was artificially magnified to an irreconcilable level。In the process of decolonization，in language、Custom、Social and cultural identity in which religious belief is the main symbol，Promote ethnic groups to become the basic unit supporting the rise of local political power，It has laid huge hidden dangers for the development of democratic politics and the construction of modern nation-states in the Great Lakes region。

With the arrival of comprehensive political liberation，Various politicized ethnic groups immediately began to follow the law of the jungle to fill the power vacuum left after the withdrawal of Western colonists，Military coup、Civil War、Regional separatism、Wars between countries have begun to take place in various countries。Only one month after independence in 1960，Congo (DRC) has fallen into a national political crisis due to the challenge of Katanga separatism，And eventually led to the murder of Lumumba, the national liberation leader。Two civil wars bet365 champions league Democratic Republic of the Congo have caused the country to be devastated by war，The second civil war that led to the involvement of many African countries was called the "African World War"。The problems are intricate and complex、Eastern Congo (DRC) where conflicts are intertwined，Remains the greatest challenge to achieving peace and security bet365 champions league Great Lakes region。The game between Hutu and Tutsi makes Rwanda、Burundi and Burundi shortly after their independence，Constitutional governments have been overturned by military coups one after another because one party has monopolized power。To the 1990s，The increasingly intensified conflicts between the two ethnic groups not only led to the two countries falling into civil war，And eventually led to the Rwanda genocide that shocked the world。Kakwa and Acholi、Ranji competition led to a long period of turmoil in Uganda from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s，Brought the brutal rule of Amin’s military government，Then the war with Tanzania was triggered over the ownership of the Kagera region，This in turn led to the emergence of the "Lord's Resistance Army" rebellion。After two civil wars，South Sudan gained independence in 2011，But it soon fell into civil war because of the struggle for power between the two major ethnic groups, the Dinka and the Nuer。

In recent years，With the joint efforts of the international community and African countries，The overall situation in the Great Lakes region is gradually stabilizing，But we still face many challenges。Here is just one example，The Great Lakes region is currently excluding Somalia，bet365 champions league is the region hardest hit by terrorism from Somalia。How to effectively deal with the above various practical challenges，There is still a long way to go to achieve comprehensive and sustainable peaceful development in the Great Lakes region。

　bet365 champions league edge:The "active zone" that forms bet365 champions league terrorist organizations

The Sahel is an east-west narrow strip of land transitioning from the southern Sahara Desert to the savanna，Stretching from Senegal on the Atlantic coast to Eritrea on the Red Sea coast，300-400 kilometers wide，Total length nearly 4000 kilometers。Sahel is the transliteration of Arabic，Means "edge"，Refers to the edge of the desert。As a transition between two natural geographical units，The Sahel is not only a natural ruler that clearly outlines the boundary between the Arab residents of North bet365 champions league and the black residents of sub-Saharan bet365 champions league，It is also the traditional belief of Islam and local residents、The forefront of fierce conflict between Christian beliefs。In a certain sense，This special zone stretching for thousands of miles is similar to a road spanning different races、The “civilization gap” between belief systems。Meanwhile，Due to the relatively harsh natural environment，The Sahel zone is basically far away from the political and economic center of the host country，Sparsely populated、Traffic blockage、Economically backward、People’s livelihood is in decline，Belongs to marginal areas forgotten by development。Subject to the above two factors，There is widespread dissatisfaction with the government among residents of the Sahel，National awareness is relatively weak，Which led to a military coup、Armed rebellion、National civil wars and conflicts between neighboring countries and other problems occur frequently。

In recent years，With the end of the protracted civil war between North and South Sudan and the independence of South Sudan，The dispute over Abyei’s sovereignty cools down，Eritrea gradually normalizes relations with neighboring countries，The development of the situation in the eastern half of the Sahel has been temporarily muted。In comparison，The massive penetration of international terrorist forces into bet365 champions league，But the situation in the western half of the Sahel continues to worsen。Isolated natural geographical features、The disadvantage of lagging social and economic development and the generally weak social governance capacity of the host country，Providing convenient conditions for the spread of terrorism。Advocacy of religious extremist ideas，To the anti-government forces that have been entrenched in the local area for a long time、Regional separatist forces continue to make trouble, cloaked in "moral legitimacy"，The dissatisfaction deeply rooted in the hearts of local residents not only provides the soil for the establishment and even competition between multiple international terrorist forces，It is also a breeding ground for local terrorism in bet365 champions league，Promoted the convergence of international and African terrorist forces。"Boko Haram" was established in 2002，Using Borno State in the northeastern border of Nigeria as the base camp，The main members are the local Kanuri tribe，Advocates the establishment of Islamic fundamentalist rule in Nigeria。The organization currently declares "allegiance" to the "Islamic State"，And has been in the northern states of Nigeria and Chad around Lake Chad for many years、Cameroon、The border areas between Niger and other countries have caused many shocking violent incidents，Is the most rampant terrorist organization in the Sahel and the entire West bet365 champions league。Northern Mali is also mired in terrorism，There are local Berbers here、Various extremist forces formed by the Tuareg，Also from neighboring Mauritania、Niger、Dozens of terrorist groups in Algeria，Referred to as bet365 champions league’s “terrorist training camp” by the outside world。As a representative，"Al-Murabitong" with direct links to Al Qaeda，Not only frequently launches "jihad" attacks on areas inhabited by Bambara and other ethnic groups in the south，And still clamoring for the so-called "Agarwad independence" in the north，Severely damaging Mali’s normal social order and sovereign territorial integrity。With the joint efforts of the international community，The Sahel countries have repeatedly repelled large-scale armed offensives launched by terrorist organizations，But now more threats are coming from terrorist attacks that are fragmented and expanding in scope。Senegal、Ivory Coast、Ghana and other non-traditional Sahel countries，As well as the United Nations and other international agencies involved in peacekeeping in West bet365 champions league，International figures who have military and security cooperation with West African countries，They are gradually becoming targets of terrorist attacks。The spreading terrorist forces are likely to leave the Sahel、Towards a trend across West bet365 champions league，The spillover impact is related to the existing armed rebellion in the Niger Delta in West bet365 champions league、Piracy and other security issues in the Gulf of Guinea are intertwined，The future direction of the security situation in the western Sahel and even West bet365 champions league as a whole，A cloud of uncertainty has been cast over it。

In terms of the peace and security situation on the African continent，"A corner, a lake, and an edge" are barometers and observation stations，Because it brings together all aspects of peace and security issues in bet365 champions league，Existing commonalities，Outstanding personality。In a nutshell，Traditional security and non-traditional security are intertwined，Different regional characteristics and unstable factors，Clear ethnic composition and religious beliefs，National identity collides with colonial cultural influence，Internal disputes and external intervention coexist...peace and stability on the African continent，Relying on the peace and stability of "one corner, one lake and one edge"。Achieve peace and stability of “one corner, one lake and one edge”，Need to treat both symptoms and root causes，Comprehensive policy，Multi-pronged approach，Form a combined force。The intervention and influence of external forces are not the decisive factor affecting the security situation of "One Corner, One Lake and One Edge"，Africans use their own wisdom and solutions，Only then can the dawn of peace break through the clouds and fog，Shine the land of bet365 champions league。

(Author’s unit: China-bet365 champions league Research Institute、Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)