The peace and security of the African continent are not only related to the stability and development of Africa，And the peace and progress related to the world，Therefore, it has always received strong attention from African countries and the international community。How to observe the situation of peace and security in Africa、Observe the popularity of peace and security in Africa，Then seize the characteristics of the issue of peace and security in Africa，It has always been a hot issue discussed in the academic world。The author's angle from the barometer and observation station，Talk about the understanding of the peace and security issues of Africa。"One corner, one lake and one edge" is the corner of Africa、The abbreviation of the Dahu area and the Sahele area，Because these three regions are frequent places for African armed conflicts，It is a hot spot for international media。

　　bet365 Play online games "Number Horn" of Africa's safety warning

Africa Horn is located in northeast Africa、South Bank of Aden Bay，Only a narrow Red Sea。Traditionally，This area mainly includes Djibouti、Eritreia、Ethiopia and Somalia:，It also includes Sudan in a broad sense、South Sudan，and have a close regional security interaction with neighboring countries such as Kenya and Uganda。Africa corner looks like the horn of the Bulls on the map，From this name。African scholars think，Due to the special geographical location and geopolitical importance of the region，Its security and stability can sound "horn" for the security warning of the entire African continent。Africa's horn security issues have always received the attention of experts from international community and international security issues。

During the Cold War，African corner becomes an important arena for the United States and the Soviet Union，Especially the end of the Cold War，The number of armed conflicts such as "agent war" broke out in the corner area of ​​Africa surged.。Since the 1990s，With the end of the Cold War and the fading of Western powers，Africa horn is caught in power vacuum，Become one of the most unsafe regions in the world。2019 The "2018 Conflict Bark" display released by the Institute of International Conflict of Heidelberg in Germany，Southara African African armed conflict is mainly concentrated in the corner of Africa and Africa，Where，African corner regions armed conflict frequent。

Overall，African corner security issues present three major characteristics。bet365 Play online games First，Ethnic conflict and the national civil war constantly。Because European colonists ignore the facts、Colonial border in the corner of Africa，It is the national contradiction after the independence of the African corner.、Border disputes and other issues buried hidden dangers。1998 to 2000，Ethiopia and Eritrea Between the outbreak of border disputes，This war caused a huge casualties in the Esat countries，But the border dispute still exists，In the past 20 years，The two countries still maintain hostile state，Small -scale armed conflicts often broke out due to border jurisdiction。Until the mediation of the Gulf country in July 2018，Esat has signed the "Joint Declaration of peace and friendship"，Return to diplomatic relations。Sudan's long -term tension in China and the spread of the South Sudan civil war still hinder regional stability and development。A military coup in Sudan in April 2019，President Omar Bahil was overthrown and stepped down，The Military Commission is in power，But the Sudan's main opposition alliance and the military committee were in contradictions and tension，and the possibility of armed conflict in the junction of the North and South Sudan still exists。The continuous area of ​​the African Africa in the Civil War of the South Sudan，Especially the stability of the neighboring Sudan constitutes a great threat。A armed conflict has occurred between South Sudan Dingka and Nur.，The struggle between the power of power and the wealth of oil and oil in the South Sudan has caused a large number of people to displacement，Covering a serious humanitarian crisis。

Next，Territories of terrorism and extremist organizations。Somalia is on the verge of Aden and the Indian Ocean，Located in the world -renowned trade channel，Strategic status is very important。Due to long -term civil war and continuous turbulence，Somalia has been in an anarch or a weak government since 1991，This leads to the breeding and spread of the Somali pirates and the breeding and spread of the extreme organization "Youth Party"。Somalia "Youth Party" originated from the anti -government armed organization "Islamic Court Alliance"，Developed into an extreme organization that is related to the "base" organization，Proposed the establishment of the "Great Somali State"。Current，The tissue terrorist attack appeared cross -border、cross -region、The trend of frequency and localization of terrorists，Cause a large number of innocent casualties at home and abroad。

again，Invasion of military forces outside the territory。In recent years，The military intervention of countries outside the domain makes the horns of Africa a Bet365 lotto review region with the highest degree of militaryization in the world，Africa's horn becomes a new contest point for competition in the global region。and the Middle East country is not far behind，An important participant in the corner of Africa's military and security affairs。The Middle East country starts the contest in the corner of Africa、"Agent War" and "Port Politics"，Through financial diplomacy and establishment of military ports，Put a security strategic game at the corner of Africa，overflows the hot issues in the Middle East to the corner of Africa，Extraid the complexity of the security pattern of Africa。

　　One Lake:The "gunpowder barrel" that detonates the war in Africa for many years

"Big Lake Area" is a collective referred to for several large freshwater lakes that are distributed in the south and south of East Africa in the East Africa Great Rift Valley，Specifically including Lake Victoria、Tananani Lake、Albert Lake、Edward Lake、Kenya、Tanzania、Uganda、Burundi、Congo (Gold)、South Sudan and other countries。Dahu area is located in the Nile River、Congo River、Zanbi West River and the horns of Africa、The intersection area of ​​the hinterland of Swahili coast，It is the crossroads inland in Africa。Convenient location advantages and rich water resources make the Dahu area one of the most densely populated regions in Africa，There are divisions of Ban Tu people、Niles、Hundreds of ethnic groups of the four major ethnic groups of the Nile -The Sultan and Sudan people live here。Camppara around the lake area、Kisu、Mangzo、Kiga、Bu Qione Bla、Kigali and other heavy towns。In the colonial frenzy of dividing Africa in modern times，Dahu area becomes a fierce wrestling field for Western powers，Not only the C -C program (Cairo -Cape Town), which is planned to penetrate North and South Africa with the intention of the British plan, but also hooks the S -S -schedule of the African Atlantic and the Indian Ocean coast (Senegal -Somali)，Also Germany、Belgium realizes the main battlefield of the African colonial empire's "great career"。

Starting since the late 19th century，Dahu area divided by strong melons in Europe and "effective occupation"，It has become the European multi -polarity pattern in Europe's direct extension and epitome of strength in Africa。In order to maintain its own advantages in the multi -pole competition pattern and pass on the local contradictions，The European powers are not only wantonly designated the colonial boundary，And the "low -cost" "Fanfan Fan" ruling policy。These measures are interrupted by the natural integration process of the original local ethnic group，Daren the constructing inter bet365 live casino games -class level relationships that cater to the will of the colonial will within the colonial range，Makes the differences and contradictions between the original ethnic groups under the catalytic of the import of European factors，It is artificially magnified to a difficult situation。In the process of non -colonization，Language、Customs、Religious beliefs as the main symbol of social and cultural identity，Promoting the ethnic group becomes the basic unit that supports the rise of local political forces，Lay huge hidden dangers for the development of the democratic political development of the Dahu area and the construction of modern nation -states。

With the arrival of comprehensive political liberation，Ethnic groups of politicalization will start to fill the power of power left after the evacuation of the Western colonialist in accordance with the law of the jungle.，Military coup、Civil War、Regional separationism、The war between the country began to be staged in various countries。Only one month after independence in 1960，Congo (Gold) is caught in a national political crisis due to the challenge of the Kadamga separationism，and eventually led to the national liberated leader Lungba, a tragic poisonous hand。Two Congo (Gold) Civil War has caused the country to be damaged by the war，The Second Civil War that caused many African countries to be involved in many countries was called the "African World War"。Question Roots、Contradictions The East of the Congo (Gold) East，It is still the biggest challenge to realize peace and security in the Greater Lake area。The game of the Hu Tu and Tuxi people brought Rwanda、Shortly after independence，Constitutional government has been subverted by military coup because of one of them alone because of the monopoly power。until the 1990s，The increasingly intensified contradictions of the two ethnic groups not only caused the two countries to fall into the civil war，and finally the Rwanda Holocaust that shocked the world。Cardians and Ajley、The competition of the Lanji tribe has caused Uganda to fall into turbulence from the mid -1970s to the mid -1980s，Bring the brutal rule of the Amin military government，Then due to the issue of belonging in the Kagara area, war with Tanzania，Turning to the emergence of the "Holy Spirit Resistance" rebellion。After two civil war after the North and South Civil War，South Sudan was independent in 2011，But immediately fell into a civil war because of the two major ethnic groups of Dingka and Nurk.。

In recent years，With the joint efforts of the international community and African countries，The overall situation in the Greater Lake area has gradually stabilized，But still facing many Bet365 app download challenges。Only one example here，Dahu area has now become except Somalia，Africa suffered the worst area from Somalia's terrorist attack。How to effectively respond to the above -mentioned various realistic challenges，Dahu area to achieve comprehensive and sustainable peaceful development is still long and far away。

　One side:"Active Zone" formed by African terrorist organizations

The Sahele area is the narrow area of ​​east -west transition from the southern Sahara Desert to the tropical grassland，From Senegal from the Atlantic coast to Elitria, the coast of the Red Sea，300-400 kilometers wide，Total length of nearly 4000 kilometers。Sahele is a transliteration of Arabic，means "edge"，refers to the side of the desert。As a transition between two natural geographical units，The Sahele Zone is not only clearly outlined the natural labels of North Africa residents and southern African African residents in the southern African African residents，It is also the traditional belief of Islam and local residents、The cutting -edge position of the fierce collision of Christian faith。From the perspective of a certain sense，This special zone that stretches thousands of miles is similar to a one -racing of different races、"Civilized Fleece" between the belief system。At the same time，Due to the relatively bad natural environment，The Sahele Zone is basically far away from the political and economic center where the country is located，Learn population、traffic occlusion、Economy backward、People's Livelihood withered，It is a marginal area that has been forgotten。Stritable in the above two factors，Residents in the Sahele area generally exist in dissatisfaction with the government，The national consciousness is relatively weak，Then lead to military coup、Armed rebellion、National Civil War and neighboring countries have occurred frequently。

In recent years，With the ending of the endless North -South Sudan civil war and South Sudan independence，Abyei sovereignty belongs to dispute to cool，Eritrea has gradually normalized relations with neighboring countries，The development of the situation in the east half of the Sahele area is temporarily pressed by the mute key。Comparison of comparison，The international terrorist forces penetrate into Africa，But the situation in the western half of the Sahele area continues to deteriorate。isolated natural geographical characteristics、The lagging social and economic development status and the disadvantage of the general weakness of the social governance capabilities of where the country is located，Provides convenient conditions for the raging of terrorism。Adjusting of religious extremist thoughts，Give the local anti -government bet365 live casino games forces that have long been entangled in the local area、Regional separatist forces continued to make waves and waves on the "moral legitimacy" coat，The dissatisfaction deeply rooted in the hearts of local residents not only provides soil for the landing of multiple international terrorist forces and even competing with each other，It is a hotbed that breeds African terrorist forces in Africa，Help the flow of flow of international and African terrorist forces。"Boco Holy Land" was established in 2002，Borno as the base camp with the border in northeast Nigeria，The main members are the local Kanuri tribe，Proposal establishment of Islamic nativeism in Nigeria。The organization currently claims that "loyalty" is in "Islamic State"，And has been in the states in northeast and around the northern Nigeria for many years、Cameroon、Niger and other countries have created a number of appalling violence，It is the Sahele area and the most rampant terrorist organization in West Africa。Northern Mali is also deeply trapped in muddy，Here is both the local Berbir people、All kinds of extreme forces formed by Tuyleig's family，and also from Merbinia from neighbors、Niger、Dozens of terrorist organizations in Algeria，"Terror Training Camp" by the outside world is called Africa's "Terror Training Camp"。As a representative，"Mula Bitong" that is directly connected with the base organization，Not only does the settlement of the Southern Banbala and other ethnic groups frequently launch the "Holy Battle" attack，and is still clamoring for the so -called northern "Agavad Independence"，Seriously destroying the normal social order and sovereign territory of Mali。With the joint efforts of the international community，The Sahele country has repeatedly repelled the large -scale armed offensive launched by the terrorist organization，But more threats are currently coming from those terrorist attacks that are transformed into zero and continuously expanding.。Senegal、Kotida、Ghana and other non -traditional Sahele countries，and international institutions such as the United Nations participating in peacekeeping West Africa，International insiders who have military security cooperation with West African countries，All are gradually becoming the object of terrorist attack。The continuous spread of terrorism forces has gone out of Sahele、Trend to West Africa，The impact of its spillover impact with West Africa's existing Niger River Delta armed rebellion、Guinea Gulf Pirates and other security issues intertwined with each other，The direction of the future security situation in the west and even West Africa for the Sahele bet365 Play online games area，A cover with uncertain Yin Clouds was covered with a layer of uncertainty。

As far as the peace and security situation in the African continent，"One corner, one lake and one edge" is a barometer and an observation station，Because it gathers all aspects of African peace and security issues，Both together，Her personality is prominent。A word to cover it，Traditional Security and Non -traditional Safety Interweater，Various factors and unstable factors of regional characteristics，National ingredients and religious beliefs are clear，National identity and colonial culture affect collision，Internal disputes and external intervention coexist ... peace and stability of the African continent，Trust on peace and stability that depends on the "one corner, one lake and one edge"。Realize the peace and stability of "one corner, one lake, one lake, one lake"，Need a specimen and cure，Comprehensive policy，Multi -tube nap，Forms a joint force。The intervention and influence of external forces is not the decisive factor in the security situation of "one corner, one lake and one side"，Africans use their own wisdom and wisdom and solution，Can the dawn of peace penetrate the clouds and fog，Puzhao Africa。

(Author Unit: Chinese African Research Institute、Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)